{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:19:04Z","timestamp":1785161944871,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University, ALF-Basenhet,the Lion's Cancer Research Foundation","award":["3453 16032,ALF-Basenhet 2020, 2021, AMP 19-982, and LP 20-2256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3453 16032,ALF-Basenhet 2020, 2021, AMP 19-982, and LP 20-2256"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2013CoV\u20132) has led to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201319) pandemic, severely affecting public health and the global economy. Adaptive immunity plays a crucial role in fighting against SARS\u2013CoV\u20132 infection and directly influences the clinical outcomes of patients. Clinical studies have indicated that patients with severe COVID\u201319 exhibit delayed and weak adaptive immune responses; however, the mechanism by which SARS\u2013CoV\u20132 impedes adaptive immunity remains unclear. Here, by using an in vitro cell line, we report that the SARS\u2013CoV\u20132 spike protein significantly inhibits DNA damage repair, which is required for effective V(D)J recombination in adaptive immunity. Mechanistically, we found that the spike protein localizes in the nucleus and inhibits DNA damage repair by impeding key DNA repair protein BRCA1 and 53BP1 recruitment to the damage site. Our findings reveal a potential molecular mechanism by which the spike protein might impede adaptive immunity and underscore the potential side effects of full-length spike-based vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T21:55:02Z","timestamp":1634162102000},"page":"2056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["RETRACTED: SARS\u2013CoV\u20132 Spike Impairs DNA Damage Repair and Inhibits V(D)J Recombination In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner\u2013Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Fang","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6","article-title":"Coronavirus biology and replication: Implications for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"19","author":"Kratzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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