{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:51:18Z","timestamp":1790823078638,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The innate immune system is the host\u2019s first line of immune defence against any invading pathogen. To establish an infection in a human host the influenza virus must replicate in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract. However, there are several innate immune mechanisms in place to stop the virus from reaching epithelial cells. In addition to limiting viral replication and dissemination, the innate immune system also activates the adaptive immune system leading to viral clearance, enabling the respiratory system to return to normal homeostasis. However, an overzealous innate immune system or adaptive immune response can be associated with immunopathology and aid secondary bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract leading to pneumonia. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms utilised by the innate immune system to limit influenza virus replication and the damage caused by influenza viruses on the respiratory tissues and how these very same protective immune responses can cause immunopathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T13:59:52Z","timestamp":1634565592000},"page":"2090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Innate Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infections in the Upper Respiratory Tract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Edin J.","family":"Mifsud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3053, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1300-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miku","family":"Kuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian G.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3053, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000197314","article-title":"Influenza Virus","volume":"36","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfus. 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