{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:54:17Z","timestamp":1790790857504,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/L013657\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/L013657\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T004096\/1, BBS\/E\/I\/00007038, BBS\/E\/I\/0000703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T004096\/1, BBS\/E\/I\/00007038, BBS\/E\/I\/0000703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the evolution of viral pathogens is critical to being able to define how viruses emerge within different landscapes. Host susceptibility, which is spread between different species and is a contributing factor to the subsequent epidemiology of a disease, is defined by virus detection and subsequent characterization. Peste des petits ruminants virus is a plague of small ruminant species that is a considerable burden to the development of sustainable agriculture across Africa and much of Asia. The virus has also had a significant impact on populations of endangered species in recent years, highlighting its significance as a pathogen of high concern across different regions of the globe. Here, we have re-evaluated the molecular evolution of this virus using novel genetic data to try and further resolve the molecular epidemiology of this disease. Viral isolates are genetically characterized into four lineages (I\u2212IV), and the historic origin of these lineages is of considerable interest to the molecular evolution of the virus. Our re-evaluation of viral emergence using novel genome sequences has demonstrated that lineages I, II and IV likely originated in West Africa, in Senegal (I) and Nigeria (II and IV). Lineage III sequences predicted emergence in either East Africa (Ethiopia) or in the Arabian Peninsula (Oman and\/or the United Arab Emirates), with a paucity of data precluding a more refined interpretation. Continual refinements of evolutionary emergence, following the generation of new data, is key to both understanding viral evolution from a historic perspective and informing on the ongoing genetic emergence of this virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T21:44:31Z","timestamp":1635198271000},"page":"2144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Ongoing Assessment of the Molecular Evolution of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Continues to Question Viral Origins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3977-1465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mana","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Pachauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263 138, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1737-4976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saravanan","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, National FMD Seromonitoring Laboratory, IVRI Campus, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley C.","family":"Banyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanmugam","family":"ChandraSekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263 138, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muthannan Andavar","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263 138, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Njeumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4498-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhanavelu","family":"Muthuchelvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263 138, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8253-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satya","family":"Parida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK"},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.025841-0","article-title":"Global distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus and prospects for improved diagnosis and control","volume":"91","author":"Banyard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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