{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:19:52Z","timestamp":1778635192840,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VR5-172683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR5-172683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OV4-170361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OV4-170361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study identified factors associated with hospital admission among people with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases in British Columbia. The study used data from the BC COVID-19 Cohort, which integrates data on all COVID-19 cases with data on hospitalizations, medical visits, emergency room visits, prescription drugs, chronic conditions and deaths. The analysis included all laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases in British Columbia to 15 January 2021. We evaluated factors associated with hospital admission using multivariable Poisson regression analysis with robust error variance. Of the 56,874 COVID-19 cases included in the analysis, 2298 were hospitalized. Factors associated with increased hospitalization risk were as follows: male sex (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.17\u20131.37), older age (p-trend &lt; 0.0001 across age groups increasing hospitalization risk with increasing age [aRR 30\u201339 years = 3.06; 95% CI = 2.32\u20134.03, to aRR 80+ years = 43.68; 95% CI = 33.41\u201357.10 compared to 20\u201329 years-old]), asthma (aRR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.04\u20131.26), cancer (aRR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.09\u20131.29), chronic kidney disease (aRR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.19\u20131.47), diabetes (treated without insulin aRR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.03\u20131.25, requiring insulin aRR = 5.05; 95% CI = 4.43\u20135.76), hypertension (aRR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.08\u20131.31), injection drug use (aRR = 2.51; 95% CI = 2.14\u20132.95), intellectual and developmental disabilities (aRR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.05\u20132.66), problematic alcohol use (aRR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.43\u20131.85), immunosuppression (aRR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.09\u20131.53), and schizophrenia and psychotic disorders (aRR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.23\u20131.82). In an analysis restricted to women of reproductive age, pregnancy (aRR = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.42\u20135.07) was associated with increased risk of hospital admission. Older age, male sex, substance use, intellectual and developmental disability, chronic comorbidities, and pregnancy increase the risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T22:14:52Z","timestamp":1635891292000},"page":"2196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Mental Health and Substance Use Associated with Hospitalization among People with COVID-19: A Population-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9ctor Alexander","family":"Vel\u00e1squez Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5214-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Smolina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1690-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drona","family":"Rasali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Otterstatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caren","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Prystajecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1103-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samara","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Galanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mel","family":"Krajden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naveed Zafar","family":"Janjua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, 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