{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:38:49Z","timestamp":1784914729693,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have shown the effects of vitamin D on host response to infectious diseases. Some studies detected a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in HIV-infected patients, but scarce information exists for HTLV-1 infection. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the frequency of hypovitaminosis D in HTLV-1 patients and its relationship with their immune response in HTLV-infected patients and in age- and gender-matched controls at a Brazilian rehabilitation hospital. We compared vitamin D, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) levels across groups. Logistic regression was utilized to assess the association between hypovitaminosis D and cytokine levels. We enrolled 161 HTLV-infected subjects (129 HTLV-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) patients, 32 asymptomatic HTLV carriers) and equal number of HTLV-negative controls. We observed a significantly higher prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in patients with HAM\/TSP than in HTLV asymptomatic carriers (p &lt; 0.001), or controls (p &lt; 0.001). HAM\/TSP patients also had higher levels of IL-6 and IFN-\u03b3 than asymptomatic carriers. Patients with HAM\/TSP and hypovitaminosis D had higher levels of TNF-\u03b1 than asymptomatic HTLV carriers. These findings suggest hypovitaminosis D plays a role in HAM\/TSP pathogenesis, and it needs to be evaluated in further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T22:25:54Z","timestamp":1636064754000},"page":"2223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hypovitaminosis D Is Associated with Higher Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines and with HAM\/TSP in HTLV-Infected Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2979-9082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine Coutinho","family":"Netto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sarah Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Salvador 41820-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9304-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo Carlos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sarah Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Salvador 41820-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Pedroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Infectologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Edgard Santos (LAPI), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Brites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Infectologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Edgard Santos (LAPI), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. 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