{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:14:52Z","timestamp":1791875692649,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["882631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["882631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zoonotic infections of humans with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animal reservoirs can result in severe disease in individuals and, in rare cases, lead to pandemic outbreaks; this is exemplified by numerous cases of human infection with avian IAVs (AIVs) and the 2009 swine influenza pandemic. In fact, zoonotic transmissions are strongly facilitated by manmade reservoirs that were created through the intensification and industrialization of livestock farming. This can be witnessed by the repeated introduction of IAVs from natural reservoirs of aquatic wild bird metapopulations into swine and poultry, and the accompanied emergence of partially- or fully-adapted human pathogenic viruses. On the other side, human adapted IAV have been (and still are) introduced into livestock by reverse zoonotic transmission. This link to manmade reservoirs was also observed before the 20th century, when horses seemed to have been an important reservoir for IAVs but lost relevance when the populations declined due to increasing industrialization. Therefore, to reduce zoonotic events, it is important to control the spread of IAV within these animal reservoirs, for example with efficient vaccination strategies, but also to critically surveil the different manmade reservoirs to evaluate the emergence of new IAV strains with pandemic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T21:39:07Z","timestamp":1636493947000},"page":"2250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events\u2014Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9720-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Kessler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2387-378X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timm","family":"Harder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2972-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Schwemmle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5397-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Ciminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2","article-title":"Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: A modelling study","volume":"391","author":"Iuliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.05.057","article-title":"Economic burden of seasonal influenza in the United States","volume":"36","author":"Putri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.05.009","article-title":"Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation","volume":"7","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monto, A.S., and Webster, R.G. 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