{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T09:49:40Z","timestamp":1762249780920,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute","award":["Intramural"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intramural"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR30607\/BIC\/101\/1089\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR30607\/BIC\/101\/1089\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TGF-\u03b2 has been shown to play a differential role in either restricting or aiding HIV infection in different cell types, however its role in the cervical cells is hitherto undefined. Among females, more than 80% of infections occur through heterosexual contact where cervicovaginal mucosa plays a critical role, however the early events during the establishment of infection at female genital mucosa are poorly understood. We earlier showed that increased TGF-\u03b2 level has been associated with cervical viral shedding in the HIV infected women, however a causal relationship could not be examined. Therefore, here we first established an in vitro cell-associated model of HIV infection in the cervical epithelial cells (ME-180) and demonstrated that TGF-\u03b2 plays an important role as a negative regulator of HIV release in the infected cervical epithelial cells. Inhibition of miR-155 upregulated TGF-\u03b2 signaling and mRNA expression of host restriction factors such as APOBEC-3G, IFI-16 and IFITM-3, while decreased the HIV release in ME-180 cells. To conclude, this is the first study to decipher the complex interplay between TGF-\u03b2, miR-155 and HIV release in the cervical epithelial cells. Collectively, our data suggest the plausible role of TGF-\u03b2 in promoting HIV latency in cervical epithelial cells which needs further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:52:28Z","timestamp":1636923148000},"page":"2266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Inhibition of miR-155 Promotes TGF-\u03b2 Mediated Suppression of HIV Release in the Cervical Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1528-5884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyotsna","family":"Gokavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Serology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharwari","family":"Sadawarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anant","family":"Shelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1168-2479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urmila","family":"Kulkarni-Kale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhuri","family":"Thakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Serology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7443-806X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vandana","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Serology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.3.589","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor Beta Suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus Expression and Replication in Infected Cells of the Monocyte\/Macrophage Lineage","volume":"173","author":"Poli","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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