{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:02:10Z","timestamp":1787860930021,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/21719-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/21719-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/12875-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/12875-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01AI151807-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01AI151807-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rocio virus (ROCV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and human pathogen. The virus is indigenous to Brazil and was first detected in 1975 in the Sao Paulo State, and over a period of two years was responsible for several epidemics of meningoencephalitis in coastal communities leading to over 100 deaths. The vast majority of ROCV infections are believed to be subclinical and clinical manifestations can range from uncomplicated fever to fatal meningoencephalitis. Birds are the natural reservoir and amplification hosts and ROCV is maintained in nature in a mosquito-bird-mosquito transmission cycle, primarily involving Psorophora ferox mosquitoes. While ROCV has remained mostly undetected since 1976, in 2011 it re-emerged in Goi\u00e1s State causing a limited outbreak. Control of ROCV outbreaks depends on sustainable vector control measures and public education. To date there is no specific treatment or licensed vaccine available. Here we provide an overview of the ecology, transmission cycles, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment options, aiming to improve our ability to understand, predict, and ideally avert further ROCV emergence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T21:32:07Z","timestamp":1637184727000},"page":"2293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Rocio Virus: An Updated View on an Elusive Flavivirus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7627-621X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marielena Vogel","family":"Saivish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doen\u00e7as Dermatol\u00f3gicas, Infecciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias, Faculdade de Medicina de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9359-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivaldo","family":"Gomes da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Letras e Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8944-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"de Lima Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo Colaborativo de Biosistemas, Universidade Federal de Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5624-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roosevelt","family":"Alves da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo Colaborativo de Biosistemas, Universidade Federal de Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gislaine Celestino","family":"Dutra da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doen\u00e7as Dermatol\u00f3gicas, Infecciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias, Faculdade de Medicina de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos L\u00e1zaro","family":"Moreli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo Colaborativo de Biosistemas, Universidade Federal de Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9716-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia","family":"Sacchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doen\u00e7as Dermatol\u00f3gicas, Infecciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias, Faculdade de Medicina de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Colombelli","family":"Pacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Letras e Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Ceres, Faculdade Faceres, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-3289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikos","family":"Vasilakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA"},{"name":"Sealy Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1102-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maur\u00edcio Lacerda","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doen\u00e7as Dermatol\u00f3gicas, Infecciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias, Faculdade de Medicina de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01311327","article-title":"The replication of Rocio virus in brain tissue of suckling mice. 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