{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:05:33Z","timestamp":1790006733386,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global increase in multidrug-resistant infections caused by various pathogens has raised concerns in human and veterinary medicine. This has renewed interest in the development of alternative methods to antibiotics, including the use of bacteriophages for controlling bacterial infections. The aim of this review is to present potential uses of bacteriophages as an alternative to antibiotics in the control of bacterial infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria posing a risk to humans, with particular emphasis on foodborne and zoonotic pathogens. A varied therapeutic and immunomodulatory (activation or suppression) effect of bacteriophages on humoral and cellular immune response mechanisms has been demonstrated. The antibiotic resistance crisis caused by global antimicrobial resistance among bacteria creates a compelling need for alternative safe and selectively effective antibacterial agents. Bacteriophages have many properties indicating their potential suitability as therapeutic and\/or prophylactic agents. In many cases, bacteriophages can also be used in food quality control against microorganisms such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Listeria, Campylobacter and others. Future research will provide potential alternative solutions using bacteriophages to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T03:12:56Z","timestamp":1638328376000},"page":"2348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Bacteriophages as an Alternative Method for Control of Zoonotic and Foodborne Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Mijbas Mohammed","family":"Alomari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al Muthanna, Samawah 66001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5456-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Dec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8245-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Urban-Chmiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/20905068.2020.1851441","article-title":"A review of phage mediated antibacterial applications","volume":"57","author":"Ssekatawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alexandria J. 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