{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:39:21Z","timestamp":1789609161521,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01HL140496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01HL140496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disease tolerance has emerged as an alternative way, in addition to host resistance, to survive viral-bacterial co-infections. Disease tolerance plays an important role not in reducing pathogen burden, but in maintaining tissue integrity and controlling organ damage. A common co-infection is the synergy observed between influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae that results in superinfection and lethality. Several host cytokines and cells have shown promise in promoting tissue protection and damage control while others induce severe immunopathology leading to high levels of morbidity and mortality. The focus of this review is to describe the host cytokines and innate immune cells that mediate disease tolerance and lead to a return to host homeostasis and ultimately, survival during viral-bacterial co-infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T03:12:56Z","timestamp":1638328376000},"page":"2362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Disease Tolerance during Viral-Bacterial Co-Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4121-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarani Kanta","family":"Barman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8000-9907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis W.","family":"Metzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1126\/science.128.3326.714","article-title":"Tolerance to cereal leaf rusts","volume":"128","author":"Caldwell","year":"1958","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.09.090171.001315","article-title":"Tolerance to plant disease","volume":"9","author":"Schafer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Annu. 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