{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:36:11Z","timestamp":1760236571320,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: It is a matter of debate whether diabetes alone or its associated comorbidities are responsible for severe COVID-19 outcomes. This study assessed the impact of diabetes on intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on a countrywide cohort of 40,632 COVID-19 patients hospitalized between March 2020 and March 2021. Data were provided by the Austrian data platform. The association of diabetes with outcomes was assessed using unmatched and propensity-score matched (PSM) logistic regression. Results: 12.2% of patients had diabetes, 14.5% were admitted to the ICU, and 16.2% died in the hospital. Unmatched logistic regression analysis showed a significant association of diabetes (odds ratio [OR]: 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15\u20131.34, p &lt; 0.001) with in-hospital mortality, whereas PSM analysis showed no significant association of diabetes with in-hospital mortality (OR: 1.08, 95%CI: 0.97\u20131.19, p = 0.146). Diabetes was associated with higher odds of ICU admissions in both unmatched (OR: 1.36, 95%CI: 1.25\u20131.47, p &lt; 0.001) and PSM analysis (OR: 1.15, 95%CI: 1.04\u20131.28, p = 0.009). Conclusions: People with diabetes were more likely to be admitted to ICU compared to those without diabetes. However, advanced age and comorbidities rather than diabetes itself were associated with increased in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T03:12:56Z","timestamp":1638328376000},"page":"2401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["COVID-19 In-Hospital Mortality in People with Diabetes Is Driven by Comorbidities and Age\u2014Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of Austrian National Public Health Institute Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0109-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9947-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Aberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Br\u00e4uer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Division of Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Acute Geriatrics, Hospital Ottakring, 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Ciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division for Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, St. Vinzenz Hospital Zams, 6511 Zams, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Clodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division for Internal Medicine, Konvent Hospital Barmherzige Br\u00fcder Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Fasching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Division of Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Acute Geriatrics, Hospital Ottakring, 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Karolyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Medical Division with Infectiology, SMZ S\u00fcd\u2014KFJ-Hospital Vienna, 1100 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3520-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kautzky-Willer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, AKH, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Klammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division for Internal Medicine, Konvent Hospital Barmherzige Br\u00fcder Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Malle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Pawelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Medical Division with Infectiology, SMZ S\u00fcd\u2014KFJ-Hospital Vienna, 1100 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3554-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Pieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Slobodan","family":"Peric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III and Karl Landsteiner, Institute for Metabolic Diseases and Nephrology, Clinic Hietzing, Vienna Health Care Group, 1130 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Ress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Inner Medicine, Paracelsus-Private Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caren","family":"Sourij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Stechemesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Inner Medicine, Paracelsus-Private Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Stingl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division for Internal Medicine, Hospital Melk, 3390 Melk, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"St\u00f6cher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Stulnig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III and Karl Landsteiner, Institute for Metabolic Diseases and Nephrology, Clinic Hietzing, Vienna Health Care Group, 1130 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Tripolt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division for Internal Medicine, Hospital Melk, 3390 Melk, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, AKH, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Zitterl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III and Karl Landsteiner, Institute for Metabolic Diseases and Nephrology, Clinic Hietzing, Vienna Health Care Group, 1130 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5773-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Christian","family":"Reisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6041-1635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Siller-Matula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, AKH, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian National Public Health Institute, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Othmar","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology & Metabolism, Institute of Sports Science, University of Bayreuth, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"von-Lewinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5537-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Eller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Kaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3510-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Sourij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, September 27). 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