{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T03:44:00Z","timestamp":1786679040050,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center","award":["Gift Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gift Funds"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007278","name":"Henry Ford Health System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Institutional Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Institutional Funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: African Americans and males have elevated risks of infection, hospitalization, and death from SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with other populations. We report immune responses and renal injury markers in African American male patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study of 56 COVID-19 infected hospitalized African American males 50+ years of age selected from among non-intensive care unit (ICU) and ICU status patients. Demographics, hospitalization-related variables, and medical history were collected from electronic medical records. Plasma samples collected close to admission (\u22642 days) were evaluated for cytokines and renal markers; results were compared to a control group (n = 31) and related to COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. Results: Among COVID-19 patients, eight (14.2%) suffered in-hospital mortality; seven (23.3%) in the ICU and one (3.8%) among non-ICU patients. Interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-33 were elevated at admission in COVID-19 patients in comparison with controls. IL-6, IL-18, MCP-1\/CCL2, MIP-1\u03b1\/CCL3, IL-33, GST, and osteopontin were upregulated at admission in ICU patients in comparison with controls. In addition to clinical factors, MCP-1 and GST may provide incremental value for risk prediction of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: Qualitatively similar inflammatory responses were observed in comparison to other populations reported in the literature, suggesting non-immunologic factors may account for outcome differences. Further, we provide initial evidence for cytokine and renal toxicity markers as prognostic factors for COVID-19 in-hospital mortality among African American males.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T03:21:05Z","timestamp":1638847265000},"page":"2415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["COVID-19 Modulates Inflammatory and Renal Markers That May Predict Hospital Outcomes among African American Males"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8982-4633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiro","family":"Asai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuma","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie-Anne","family":"Malinczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Savickas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward M.","family":"Zoratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas W.","family":"Lukacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5656-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles F.","family":"Schuler IV","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102567","article-title":"Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions","volume":"19","author":"Jamilloux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. 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