{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:07:53Z","timestamp":1780693673048,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many people worldwide suffer from hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which is frequently persistent. The lack of efficient vaccines against HCV and the unavailability of or limited compliance with existing antiviral therapies is problematic for health care systems worldwide. Improved small animal models would support further hepacivirus research, including development of vaccines and novel antivirals. The recent discovery of several mammalian hepaciviruses may facilitate such research. In this study, we demonstrated that bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) were susceptible to bank vole-associated Hepacivirus F and Hepacivirus J strains, based on the detection of hepaciviral RNA in 52 of 55 experimentally inoculated voles. In contrast, interferon \u03b1\/\u03b2 receptor deficient C57\/Bl6 mice were resistant to infection with both bank vole hepaciviruses (BvHVs). The highest viral genome loads in infected voles were detected in the liver, and viral RNA was visualized by in situ hybridization in hepatocytes, confirming a marked hepatotropism. Furthermore, liver lesions in infected voles resembled those of HCV infection in humans. In conclusion, infection with both BvHVs in their natural hosts shares striking similarities to HCV infection in humans and may represent promising small animal models for this important human disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T03:21:05Z","timestamp":1638847265000},"page":"2421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Bank Vole (Clethrionomys glareolus)\u2014Small Animal Model for Hepacivirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Susanne","family":"R\u00f6hrs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lineke","family":"Begeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4857-1561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate K.","family":"Straub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Boadella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Hanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal 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Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53113 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Drosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, 53113 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53113 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, 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