{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:36:35Z","timestamp":1788435395384,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine serum has been widely used as a universal supplement in culture media and other applications, including the manufacture of biological products and the production of synthetic meat. Currently, commercial bovine serum is tested for possible viral contaminants following regional guidelines. Regulatory agencies\u2019 established tests focused on detecting selected animal origin viruses and are based on virus isolation, immunofluorescence, and hemadsorption assays. However, these tests may fail to detect new or emerging viruses in biological products. High-throughput sequencing is a powerful option since no prior knowledge of the viral targets is required. In the present study, we evaluate the virome of seven commercial batches of bovine serum from Mexico (one batch), New Zealand (two batches), and the United States (four batches) using a specific preparation and enrichment method for pooled samples and sequencing using an Illumina platform. A variety of circular replicase-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA families (Genomoviridae, Circoviridae, and Smacoviridae) was identified. Additionally, CrAssphage, a recently discovered group of bacteriophage correlated with fecal contamination, was identified in 85% of the tested batches. Furthermore, sequences representing viral families with single-stranded DNA (Parvoviridae), double-stranded DNA (Polyomaviridae and Adenoviridae), single-stranded RNA (Flaviviridae, Picornaviridae, and Retroviridae), and double-stranded RNA (Reoviridae) were identified. These results support that high-throughput sequencing associated with viral enrichment is a robust tool and should be considered an additional layer of safety when testing pooled biologicals to detect viral contaminants overlooked by the current testing protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T03:21:05Z","timestamp":1638847265000},"page":"2425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Virome Characterization in Commercial Bovine Serum Batches\u2014A Potentially Needed Testing Strategy for Biological Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Willian P.","family":"Paim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara F.","family":"Maggioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shollie M.","family":"Falkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research, Agricultural Research Service, USA Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akhilesh","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8282-6778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus N.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Feevale, Rio Grande do Sul, Novo Hamburgo 93510-235, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0621-243X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio W.","family":"Canal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3891-1152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando V.","family":"Bauermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS): Past\u2013Present\u2013Future","volume":"35","author":"Bieback","year":"2018","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sykes, J.E. 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