{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:25:47Z","timestamp":1789194347539,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uncontrolled inflammatory responses play a critical role in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this context, because the triggering-receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is considered an intrinsic amplifier of inflammatory signals, this study investigated the role of soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) as a biomarker of the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Based on their clinical scores, we enrolled COVID-19 positive patients (n = 237) classified into mild, moderate, severe, and critical groups. Clinical data and patient characteristics were obtained from medical records, and their plasma inflammatory mediator profiles were evaluated with immunoassays. Plasma levels of sTREM-1 were significantly higher among patients with severe disease compared to all other groups. Additionally, levels of sTREM-1 showed a significant positive correlation with other inflammatory parameters, such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, and neutrophil counts, and a significant negative correlation was observed with lymphocyte counts. Most interestingly, sTREM-1 was found to be a strong predictive biomarker of the severity of COVID-19 and was related to the worst outcome and death. Systemic levels of sTREM-1 were significantly correlated with the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-8, which can release TREM-1 from the surface of peripheral blood cells. Our findings indicated that quantification of sTREM-1 could be used as a predictive tool for disease outcome, thus improving the timing of clinical and pharmacological interventions in patients with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T21:47:36Z","timestamp":1639604856000},"page":"2521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["sTREM-1 Predicts Disease Severity and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: Involvement of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and MMP-8 Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pedro V.","family":"da Silva-Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto\u2014FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Imunologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada\u2014PPGIBA, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas\u2014UFAM, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonatan C. 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Faculdade de Filosofia, Ci\u00eancias e Letras de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto\u2014FFCLRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3411-1545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius E.","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto\u2014FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia. 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