{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:00:44Z","timestamp":1770627644049,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019813","name":"Citrus Research International","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project 1117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project 1117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation South Africa","award":["TP14081591747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TP14081591747"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus-SA (CrleGV-SA) is used as a commercial biopesticide for the false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, in citrus and other crops. The virus is sensitive to UV irradiation from sunlight, which reduces its efficacy as a biopesticide in the field. We selected a UV-resistant CrleGV-SA isolate, with more than a thousand-fold improved virulence compared to the wild-type isolate, measured by comparing LC50 values. CrleGV-SA purified from infected T. leucotreta larvae was exposed to UV irradiation under controlled laboratory conditions in a climate chamber mimicking field conditions. Five cycles of UV exposure, followed by propagating the virus that retained infectivity in vivo with re-exposure to UV, were conducted to isolate and select for UV-resistant virus. Serial dilution bioassays were conducted against neonates after each UV exposure cycle. The concentration-responses of the infectious UV-exposed virus populations were compared by probit analysis with those from previous cycles and from the original CrleGV-SA virus population. NGS sequences of CrleGV-SA samples from UV exposure cycle 1 and cycle 5 were compared with the GenBank CrleGV-SA sequence. Changes in the genomes of infective virus from cycles 1 and 5 generated SNPs thought to be responsible for establishing UV tolerance. Additional SNPs, detected only in the cycle 5 sequence, may enhance UV tolerance and improve the virulence of the UV-tolerant population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:03:37Z","timestamp":1640567017000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Selection for and Analysis of UV-Resistant Cryptophlebia Leucotreta Granulovirus-SA as a Biopesticide for Thaumatotibia leucotreta"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4030-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Mwanza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6031, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1855-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Jukes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gill","family":"Dealtry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6031, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for HRTEM, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4155-4187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa"},{"name":"Citrus Research International, Gqeberha 6065, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2005.09.001","article-title":"Baculoviruses\u2014Re-emerging biopesticides","volume":"24","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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