{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:00:35Z","timestamp":1789470035202,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2662021SCPY006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2662021SCPY006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Project of Scientific &amp; Technological Innovation of Hubei Province","award":["2018ABA101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ABA101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is a severe virus that causes great losses to grass carp culture every year, and GCRV-II is the current popular and fatal strain. VP56, fibrin on the outer surface of GCRV-II, mediates cell attachment. In this study, we firstly divided the VP56 gene into four fragments to screen the optimal antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralizing antibody methods. The second fragment VP56-2 demonstrates the optimal efficiency and was employed as an antigen in the following experiments. Bacillus subtilis were used as a carrier, and VP56-2 was expressed on the surface of the spores. Then, we performed the oral immunization for grass carp and the challenge with GCRV-II. The survival rate was remarkably raised, and mRNA expressions of IgM were significantly up-regulated in spleen and head kidney tissues in the B. s-CotC-VP56-2 group. Three crucial immune indexes (complement C3, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase) in the sera were also significantly enhanced. mRNA expressions of four important genes (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IFN1 and MHC-II) were significantly strengthened. Tissue lesions were obviously attenuated by histopathological slide examination in trunk kidney and spleen tissues. Tissue viral burdens were significantly reduced post-viral challenge. These results indicated that the oral recombinant B. subtilis VP56-2 subunit vaccine is effective for controlling GCRV infection and provides a feasible strategy for the control of fish virus diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:03:37Z","timestamp":1640567017000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Oral Administration of Bacillus subtilis Subunit Vaccine Significantly Enhances the Immune Protection of Grass Carp against GCRV-II Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingchen","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhensheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gailing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taoshan","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Chopper Fishery Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430207, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9083-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.05.029","article-title":"Status and future perspectives of vaccines for industrialised fin-fish farming","volume":"35","author":"Brudeseth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-8-1941","article-title":"Common evolutionary origin of aquareoviruses and orthoreoviruses revealed by genome characterization of Golden shiner reovirus, Grass carp reovirus, Striped bass reovirus and golden ide reovirus (genus Aquareovirus, family Reoviridae)","volume":"83","author":"Attoui","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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