{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:56:52Z","timestamp":1792807012537,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":373,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IZKF Program of Hospital\/Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen","award":["A88-M.M.\/H.S."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A88-M.M.\/H.S."]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0030f2a11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Matching Funds Program of the Forschungsstiftung Medizin, Medical Center UKER (Erlangen) together with the Manfred Roth-Stiftung (F\u00fcrth)","award":["M.M.\/M.S."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M.M.\/M.S."]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04evqk240","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Only a mere fraction of the huge variety of human pathogenic viruses can be targeted by the currently available spectrum of antiviral drugs. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for molecules that can be deployed quickly to treat novel, developing or re-emerging viral infections. Sulfated polysaccharides are found on the surfaces of both the susceptible host cells and the majority of human viruses, and thus can play an important role during viral infection. Such polysaccharides widely occurring in natural sources, specifically those converted into sulfated varieties, have already proved to possess a high level and sometimes also broad-spectrum antiviral activity. This antiviral potency can be determined through multifold molecular pathways, which in many cases have low profiles of cytotoxicity. Consequently, several new polysaccharide-derived drugs are currently being investigated in clinical settings. We reviewed the present status of research on sulfated polysaccharide-based antiviral agents, their structural characteristics, structure\u2013activity relationships, and the potential of clinical application. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides involved in viral infection or in antiviral activity, respectively, are discussed, together with a focus on the emerging methodology contributing to polysaccharide-based drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:03:37Z","timestamp":1640567017000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Antiviral Strategies Using Natural Source-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides in the Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Major Human Pathogenic Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6041-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bimalendu","family":"Ray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subrata","family":"Jana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuvam","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saikat","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9380-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayani","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Sch\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Marschall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-013-0046-1","article-title":"Emerging Targets and Novel Approaches to Ebola Virus Prophylaxis and Treatment","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15507-2","article-title":"Dynamic genome evolution and complex virocell metabolism of globally-distributed giant viruses","volume":"11","author":"Moniruzzaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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