{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:13:20Z","timestamp":1792790000601,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":237,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico","award":["IN2222020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN2222020"]}]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico","award":["AV200320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AV200320"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current pandemic affecting almost all countries in the world. SARS-CoV-2 is the agent responsible for coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), which has claimed millions of lives around the world. In most patients, SARS-CoV-2 infection does not cause clinical signs. However, some infected people develop symptoms, which include loss of smell or taste, fever, dry cough, headache, severe pneumonia, as well as coagulation disorders. The aim of this work is to report genetic factors of SARS-CoV-2 and host-associated to severe COVID-19, placing special emphasis on the viral entry and molecules of the immune system involved with viral infection. Besides this, we analyze SARS-CoV-2 variants and their structural characteristics related to the binding to polymorphic angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). Additionally, we also review other polymorphisms as well as some epigenetic factors involved in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. These factors and viral variability could explain the increment of infection rate and\/or in the development of severe COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:35:09Z","timestamp":1641771309000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Implications of the Immune Polymorphisms of the Host and the Genetic Variability of SARS-CoV-2 in the Development of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Zepeda-Cervantes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3769-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9 Orlando","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Jarqu\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neuropatolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngeles C.","family":"Tecalco-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (UACM), Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9 Santiago","family":"Alavez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopat\u00eda, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-4847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Vaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7430-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Elena","family":"Sarmiento-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6","article-title":"Coronavirus biology and replication: Implications for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"19","author":"Kratzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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