{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T17:45:40Z","timestamp":1770140740546,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001054","name":"Meat &amp; Livestock Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P.PSH.0779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P.PSH.0779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Government of Australia","award":["RRND4P-15-02-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRND4P-15-02-032"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, the Netherlands","award":["WOT-01-003-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WOT-01-003-011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/I\/0007035, BBS\/E\/I\/0007036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/I\/0007035, BBS\/E\/I\/0007036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recent emergence and circulation of the A\/ASIA\/G-VII (A\/G-VII) lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the Middle East has resulted in the development of homologous vaccines to ensure susceptible animals are sufficiently protected against clinical disease. However, a second serotype A lineage called A\/ASIA\/Iran-05 (A\/IRN\/05) continues to circulate in the region and it is therefore imperative to ensure vaccine strains used will protect against both lineages. In addition, for FMDV vaccine banks that usually hold a limited number of strains, it is necessary to include strains with a broad antigenic coverage. To assess the cross protective ability of an A\/G-VII emergency vaccine (formulated at 43 (95% CI 8\u2013230) PD50\/dose as determined during homologous challenge), we performed a heterologous potency test according to the European Pharmacopoeia design using a field isolate from the A\/IRN\/05 lineage as the challenge virus. The estimated heterologous potency in this study was 2.0 (95% CI 0.4\u20136.0) PD50\/dose, which is below the minimum potency recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Furthermore, the cross-reactive antibody titres against the heterologous challenge virus were poor (\u2264log10 0.9), even in those cattle that had received the full dose of vaccine. The geometric mean r1-value was 0.2 (95% CI 0.03\u20130.8), similar to the potency ratio of 0.04 (95% CI 0.004\u20130.3). Vaccination decreased viraemia and virus excretion compared to the unvaccinated controls. Our results indicate that this A\/G-VII vaccine does not provide sufficient protection against viruses belonging to the A\/IRN\/05 lineage and therefore the A\/G-VII vaccine strain cannot replace the A\/IRN\/05 vaccine strain but could be considered an additional strain for use in vaccines and antigen banks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:35:09Z","timestamp":1641771309000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Vaccine Based on the A\/ASIA\/G-VII Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Offers Low Levels of Protection against Circulating Viruses from the A\/ASIA\/Iran-05 lineage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0523-3853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagendrakumar Balasubramanian","family":"Singanallur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO-Health & Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phaedra Lydia","family":"Ebl\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Barbara","family":"Ludi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bob","family":"Statham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelghani","family":"Bin-Tarif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6959-2708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald P.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0519-9587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3262-0135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilna","family":"Vosloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO-Health & Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab172","article-title":"Evolutionary and Ecological Drivers Shape the Emergence and Extinction of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lineages","volume":"38","author":"Ferretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. 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