{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:58:51Z","timestamp":1790092731422,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005627","name":"University of Li\u00e8ge","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J007515F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J007515F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) infection brings a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes, from a mild cold to severe bronchiolitis or even acute interstitial pneumonia. Among the known factors influencing this clinical diversity, genetic background has often been mentioned. In parallel, recent evidence has also pointed out that an early infectious experience affects heterologous infections severity. Here, we analyzed the importance of these two host-related factors in shaping the immune response in pneumoviral disease. We show that a prior gammaherpesvirus infection improves, in a genetic background-dependent manner, the immune system response against a subsequent lethal dose of pneumovirus primary infection notably by inducing a systematic expansion of the CD8+ bystander cell pool and by modifying the resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) phenotype to induce immediate cyto\/chemokinic responses upon pneumovirus exposure, thereby drastically attenuating the host inflammatory response without affecting viral replication. Moreover, we show that these AMs present similar rapid and increased production of neutrophil chemokines both in front of pneumoviral or bacterial challenge, confirming recent studies attributing a critical antibacterial role of primed AMs. These results corroborate other recent studies suggesting that the innate immunity cells are themselves capable of memory, a capacity hitherto reserved for acquired immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:35:09Z","timestamp":1641771309000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gammaherpesvirus Alters Alveolar Macrophages According to the Host Genetic Background and Promotes Beneficial Inflammatory Control over Pneumovirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6199-4887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gautier","family":"Gilliaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Desmecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60206-1","article-title":"Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"375","author":"Nair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.09.030","article-title":"The innate immune response to RSV: Advances in our understanding of critical viral and host factors","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8953","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88524-w","article-title":"Population-based serology reveals risk factors for RSV infection in children younger than 5 years","volume":"11","author":"Andeweg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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