{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:59:18Z","timestamp":1792180758471,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of metabolic derangements as a result of HIV treatment has been an important area of research since the introduction of zidovudine in the 1980\u2019s. Antiretroviral therapy has intensely evolved in the last three decades, with new drugs gradually incorporated into everyday clinical practice. With the life expectancy of people living with HIV rapidly approaching that of their HIV-negative counterparts, the influence of these antiretrovirals on the development of the components of the metabolic syndrome remains of major interest to clinicians and their patients. In this review, we aimed to discuss the impact of cART on components of the metabolic syndrome, i.e., weight, plasma lipid levels, plasma glucose levels, and blood pressure, describing the influence of cART classes and of individual antiretrovirals. We also aimed to outline the limitations of the research conducted to date and the remaining knowledge gaps in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T20:33:04Z","timestamp":1641933184000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Impact of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy on Metabolic Syndrome Components in Adult People Living with HIV: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1879-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Sapu\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Suchacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8257-2739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Za\u0142\u0119ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Wierci\u0144ska-Drapa\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.001180","article-title":"A Comprehensive Definition for Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.05.034","article-title":"The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"56","author":"Mottillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.09.009","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Samson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12229","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome: A Closer Look at the Growing Epidemic and Its Associated Pathologies","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"for the RIVANA Study Investigators, Guembe, M.J., Fernandez-Lazaro, C.I., Sayon-Orea, C., Toledo, E., and Moreno-Iribas, C. (2020). Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: A 13-Year Prospective Study in the RIVANA Cohort. Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 19, 195.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01166-6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32835d951e","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Hyperuricemia","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cur. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12762","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression: Metabolic Syndrome in PCOS","volume":"20","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.08.009","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Road to Clinically-Meaningful Phenotyping, Improved Prognosis, and Personalized Treatment","volume":"42","author":"Gaines","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1121-5","article-title":"The Association of Metabolic Syndrome Components and Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2014.07.008","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Dietrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rico-Mart\u00edn, S., Calder\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda, J.F., Basilio-Fern\u00e1ndez, B., Clavijo-Chamorro, M.Z., and S\u00e1nchez Mu\u00f1oz-Torrero, J.F. (2021). Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Patients with COVID-19: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Mortality. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JCDD, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd8120162"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79256-4","article-title":"Biological Age and Lifestyle in the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome: The NHIS Health Screening Data, 2014\u20132015","volume":"11","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1263-0898","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology and Predisposing Factors","volume":"42","author":"Bovolini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"180","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Psychotropic Medications","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Glas."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-012-0007-8","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Prednisolone and Prednisone in Solid Organ Transplantation","volume":"51","author":"Bergmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000314272","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome in Cushing\u2019s Syndrome Patients","volume":"92","author":"Korbonits","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852913000667","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Major Depression","volume":"19","author":"Marazziti","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.03.008","article-title":"Sex- and Gender-Related Prevalence, Cardiovascular Risk and Therapeutic Approach in Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of the Literature","volume":"120","author":"Pucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, K.A., Peer, N., Mills, E.J., and Kengne, A.P. (2016). A Meta-Analysis of the Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in the Global HIV-Infected Population. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150970"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Li, W., Lun, Z., Zhang, H., Sun, Z., Kanu, J.S., Qiu, S., Cheng, Y., and Liu, Y. (2016). Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Mainland China: A Meta-Analysis of Published Studies. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2870-y"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-203335","article-title":"The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Drivers: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"67","author":"Soltaninejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"WOR"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701309","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2701309","article-title":"The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Ethiopian Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2020","author":"Ambachew","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Life Expectancy, All-Cause Mortality, and Cause-Specific Mortality for 249 Causes of Death, 1980\u20132015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01089-3","article-title":"Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome in Persons with HIV","volume":"22","author":"Masenga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofx262","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx262","article-title":"Systemic Inflammation, Coagulation, and Clinical Risk in the START Trial","volume":"4","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zicari, S., Sessa, L., Cotugno, N., Ruggiero, A., Morrocchi, E., Concato, C., Rocca, S., Zangari, P., Manno, E., and Palma, P. (2019). Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030200"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270007308034","article-title":"Antiretroviral Drugs","volume":"47","author":"Warnke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2007.00537.x","article-title":"Lipodystrophy and Weight Changes: Data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, 2000\u20132006","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1071\/SH14084","article-title":"Changes in the Prevalence of Lipodystrophy, Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in HIV-Infected Men","volume":"12","author":"Price","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2008.0082","article-title":"Obesity among Patients with HIV: The Latest Epidemic","volume":"22","author":"Tejidor","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2348","article-title":"HIV Infection and Obesity: Where Did All the Wasting Go?","volume":"17","author":"Tate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCormick, C.L., Francis, A.M., Iliffe, K., Webb, H., Douch, C.J., Pakianathan, M., and Macallan, D.C. (2014). Increasing Obesity in Treated Female HIV Patients from Sub-Saharan Africa: Potential Causes and Possible Targets for Intervention. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00507"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0234","article-title":"Short Communication: From Wasting to Obesity: Initial Antiretroviral Therapy and Weight Gain in HIV-Infected Persons","volume":"29","author":"Lakey","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25484","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25484","article-title":"Weight Gain among Treatment-na\u00efve Persons with HIV Starting Integrase Inhibitors Compared to Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors or Protease Inhibitors in a Large Observational Cohort in the United States and Canada","volume":"23","author":"Bourgi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz999","article-title":"Weight Gain Following Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy: Risk Factors in Randomized Comparative Clinical Trials","volume":"71","author":"Sax","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab444","article-title":"Weight Change Following Antiretroviral Therapy Switch in People With Viral Suppression: Pooled Data from Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"73","author":"Erlandson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0216","article-title":"Weight Gain and Related Comorbidities Following Antiretroviral Initiation in the 2000s: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"37","author":"Stires","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2020.1770181","article-title":"Changes in Body Mass Index among People Living with HIV Who Are New on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Olawepo","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6717","article-title":"HIV-Infected Women Gain More Weight than HIV-Infected Men Following the Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"27","author":"Bares","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky145","article-title":"Obesity Following ART Initiation Is Common and Influenced by Both Traditional and HIV-\/ART-Specific Risk Factors","volume":"73","author":"Bakal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy201","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy201","article-title":"Changes in Waist Circumference in HIV-Infected Individuals Initiating a Raltegravir or Protease Inhibitor Regimen: Effects of Sex and Race","volume":"5","author":"Bhagwat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002725","article-title":"Changes in Weight and BMI with First-Line Doravirine-Based Therapy","volume":"35","author":"Orkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ192","article-title":"Weight Change After Antiretroviral Therapy and Mortality","volume":"60","author":"Yuh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30340-4","article-title":"Long-Acting Cabotegravir plus Rilpivirine for Treatment in Adults with HIV-1 Infection: 96-Week Results of the Randomised, Open-Label, Phase 3 FLAIR Study","volume":"8","author":"Orkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e711","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00163-6","article-title":"Contemporary Antiretrovirals and Body-Mass Index: A Prospective Study of the RESPOND Cohort Consortium","volume":"8","author":"Phillips","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns, J.E., Stirrup, O., Waters, L., Dunn, D., Gilson, R., and Pett, S.L. (2021). No Overall Impact on Rate of Weight Gain with Integrase Inhibitor-containing Regimens in Antiretroviral-na\u00efve Adults. HIV Med., hiv.13186.","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13186"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328361d25d","article-title":"Weight and Lean Body Mass Change with Antiretroviral Initiation and Impact on Bone Mineral Density","volume":"27","author":"Erlandson","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002275","article-title":"Durable Efficacy of Dolutegravir Plus Lamivudine in Antiretroviral Treatment\u2013Naive Adults With HIV-1 Infection: 96-Week Results From the GEMINI-1 and GEMINI-2 Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"83","author":"Cahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallon, P.W., Brunet, L., Hsu, R.K., Fusco, J.S., Mounzer, K.C., Prajapati, G., Beyer, A.P., Wohlfeiler, M.B., and Fusco, G.P. (2021). Weight Gain before and after Switch from TDF to TAF in a U.S. Cohort Study. J. Intern. AIDS Soc., 24.","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25702"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12294","article-title":"Short-Term Weight Gain after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation and Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: The D:A:D Study: ART, Weight Gain and Cardiometabolic Outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Achhra","year":"2016","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001071","article-title":"Weight Gain and Incident Diabetes Among HIV-Infected Veterans Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy Compared With Uninfected Individuals","volume":"73","author":"Herrin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy086","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy086","article-title":"Abacavir Use and Risk for Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Events: Pooled Analysis of Data From Clinical Trials","volume":"5","author":"Nan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000695","article-title":"Characteristics, Prevention, and Management of Cardiovascular Disease in People Living With HIV: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"140","author":"Feinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.01.061","article-title":"Body Fat Distribution and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Obese Adults","volume":"65","author":"Neeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.06.027","article-title":"Body Fat Distribution, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All-Cause Mortality","volume":"62","author":"Britton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01113","article-title":"CT-Derived Body Fat Distribution and Incident Cardiovascular Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"102","author":"Allison","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002421","article-title":"Weight Gain in People Living with HIV Switched to Dual Therapy: Changes in Body Fat Mass","volume":"34","author":"Vizcarra","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2005.00273.x","article-title":"Effects of HIV Disease on Lipid, Glucose and Insulin Levels: Results from a Large Antiretroviral-Naive Cohort","volume":"6","author":"Mullin","year":"2005","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-016-0321-0","article-title":"Lipid Abnormalities and Inflammation in HIV Inflection","volume":"13","author":"Funderburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Yacovo, S., Saumoy, M., S\u00e1nchez-Quesada, J.L., Navarro, A., Sviridov, D., Javaloyas, M., Vila, R., Vernet, A., Low, H., and Pe\u00f1afiel, J. (2020). Lipids, Biomarkers, and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Treatment-Naive HIV Patients Starting or Not Starting Antiretroviral Therapy: Comparison with a Healthy Control Group in a 2-Year Prospective Study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237739"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2021). The RESPOND Study Group Incidence of Dyslipidemia in People with HIV Who Are Treated with Integrase Inhibitors versus Other Antiretroviral Agents. AIDS, 35, 869\u2013882.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002811"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"European AIDS Clinical Society (2021, November 30). Guidelines Version 11.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.Eacsociety.Org\/Media\/Final2021eacsguidelinesv11.0_oct2021.Pdf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000379","article-title":"Candidates for Inclusion in a Universal Antiretroviral Regimen: Tenofovir Alafenamide","volume":"12","author":"Gotham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plum, P.-E., Maes, N., Sauvage, A.-S., Frippiat, F., Meuris, C., Uurlings, F., Lecomte, M., L\u00e9onard, P., Paquot, N., and Fombellida, K. (2021). Impact of Switch from Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate-Based Regimens to Tenofovir Alafenamide-Based Regimens on Lipid Profile, Weight Gain and Cardiovascular Risk Score in People Living with HIV. BMC Infect Dis, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06479-9"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X18666200824101838","article-title":"Real-Life Impact on Lipid Profile of a Switch from Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate to Tenofovir Alafenamide in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"19","author":"Flammang","year":"2021","journal-title":"CHR"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Milinkovic, A., Berger, F., Arenas-Pinto, A., and Mauss, S. (2019, January 4\u20137). Lipid Changes Associated with TAF Are Reversible by Switching Back to TDF. Proceedings of the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq464","article-title":"Lipid-Lowering Effect of Tenofovir in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"66","author":"Fabbiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saumoy, M., Sanchez-Quesada, J.L., Ordo\u00f1ez-Llanos, J., and Podzamczer, D. (2021). Do All Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Have the Same Lipid Profile? Review of Randomised Controlled Trials in Na\u00efve and Switch Scenarios in HIV-Infected Patients. JCM, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163456"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000709","article-title":"Doravirine: Its Role in HIV Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Stockdale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002642","article-title":"Brief Report: Switching to DOR\/3TC\/TDF Maintains HIV-1 Virologic Suppression Through Week 144 in the DRIVE-SHIFT Trial","volume":"87","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318221863f","article-title":"Effect of Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor\u2013Based Antiretroviral Therapy on Dysglycemia and Insulin Sensitivity in South African HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"57","author":"Dave","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601509010051","article-title":"Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in HIV\/AIDS Patients on HAART","volume":"9","author":"Nsagha","year":"2015","journal-title":"TOAIDJ"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"327","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus and Risk Factors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia","volume":"197","author":"Mohammed","year":"2015","journal-title":"DMSO"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2016.23.206.7041","article-title":"Risk Factors and Assessment for Cardiovascular Disease among HIV-Positive Patients Attending a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital","volume":"23","author":"Osegbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200303010-00009","article-title":"Protease Inhibitor Use and the Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in a Large Cohort of HIV-Infected Women","volume":"32","author":"Justman","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32827038d0","article-title":"Antiretroviral Therapy Exposure and Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in the Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study","volume":"21","author":"Tien","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12455","article-title":"Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in a Population-Based Cohort of HIV-Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Persons: The Impact of Clinical and Therapeutic Factors over Time","volume":"31","author":"Tripathi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000647","article-title":"New-Onset Diabetes and Antiretroviral Treatments in HIV-Infected Adults in Thailand","volume":"69","author":"Riyaten","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimala, C.A., Blencowe, H., and Choukem, S.P. (2018). The Association between Antiretroviral Therapy and Selected Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201404"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013953","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013953","article-title":"Incidence and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with HIV Infection in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Prioreschi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417732226","article-title":"Association between the Use of Protease Inhibitors in Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus and\/or Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2902","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2902","article-title":"Is There Sufficient Evidence for a Causal Association between Antiretroviral Therapy and Diabetes in HIV-Infected Patients? A Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Nduka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001277","article-title":"The Association between HIV, Antiretroviral Therapy, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Soepnel","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2015.97","article-title":"Evidence of Increased Blood Pressure and Hypertension Risk among People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Nduka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2017.06.004","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Hypertension among People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brennan, A.T., Jamieson, L., Crowther, N.J., Fox, M.P., George, J.A., Berry, K.M., Stokes, A., Maskew, M., Sanne, I., and Long, L. (2018). Prevalence, Incidence, Predictors, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension among HIV-Positive Adults on Antiretroviral Treatment in Public Sector Treatment Programs in South Africa. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204020"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S329838","article-title":"Incidence and Predictors of Hypertension Among HIV Patients Receiving ART at Public Health Facilities, Northwest Ethiopia: A One-Year Multicenter Prospective Follow-Up Study","volume":"13","author":"Mulugeta","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pangmekeh, P.J., Awolu, M.M., Gustave, S., Gladys, T., and Cumber, S.N. (2019). Association between Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) and Hypertension in Persons Living with Hiv\/Aids in the Bamenda Regional Hospital, Cameroon. Pan. Afr. Med. J., 33.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.33.87.15574"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, H., Guo, F., Hsieh, E., Chen, W.-T., Lv, W., Han, Y., Xie, J., Li, Y., Song, X., and Li, T. (2020). Incidence of Hypertension among Persons Living with HIV in China: A Multicenter Cohort Study. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08586-9"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(03)00364-X","article-title":"Zidovudine-Induced Alterations in the Heart and Vascular Smooth Muscle of the Rat","volume":"60","author":"Ruga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5784","DOI":"10.1021\/jm300180r","article-title":"Dual Inhibitors for Aspartic Proteases HIV-1 PR and Renin: Advancements in AIDS\u2013Hypertension\u2013Diabetes Linkage via Molecular Dynamics, Inhibition Assays, and Binding Free Energy Calculations","volume":"55","author":"Tzoupis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"on behalf of the CoLTART study team, Mayanja, B.N., Kasamba, I., Levin, J., Namakoola, I., Kazooba, P., Were, J., Kaleebu, P., and Munderi, P. (2017). COHORT PROFILE: The Complications of Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy Study in Uganda (CoLTART), a Prospective Clinical Cohort. AIDS Res., 14, 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-017-0154-y"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/1\/122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:28:18Z","timestamp":1760365698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/1\/122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v14010122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14010122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]}}}