{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:26:23Z","timestamp":1790504783611,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral rabies vaccines (ORVs) have been in use to successfully control rabies in wildlife since 1978 across Europe and the USA. This review focuses on the potential and need for the use of ORVs in free-roaming dogs to control dog-transmitted rabies in India. Iterative work to improve ORVs over the past four decades has resulted in vaccines that have high safety profiles whilst generating a consistent protective immune response to the rabies virus. The available evidence for safety and efficacy of modern ORVs in dogs and the broad and outspoken support from prominent global public health institutions for their use provides confidence to national authorities considering their use in rabies-endemic regions. India is estimated to have the largest rabies burden of any country and, whilst considerable progress has been made to increase access to human rabies prophylaxis, examples of high-output mass dog vaccination campaigns to eliminate the virus at the source remain limited. Efficiently accessing a large proportion of the dog population through parenteral methods is a considerable challenge due to the large, evasive stray dog population in many settings. Existing parenteral approaches require large skilled dog-catching teams to reach these dogs, which present financial, operational and logistical limitations to achieve 70% dog vaccination coverage in urban settings in a short duration. ORV presents the potential to accelerate the development of approaches to eliminate rabies across large areas of the South Asia region. Here we review the use of ORVs in wildlife and dogs, with specific consideration of the India setting. We also present the results of a risk analysis for a hypothetical campaign using ORV for the vaccination of dogs in an Indian state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:46:06Z","timestamp":1642365966000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Review of Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs and Its Application in India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8953-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gowri","family":"Yale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mission Rabies, Panjim 403002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwin","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services, Government of Goa, Panjim 403001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrikrishna","family":"Isloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangalore Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1449-4171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4591-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Mazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK"},{"name":"Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Gamble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinzang","family":"Dukpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Regional Representation for Asia and the Pacific, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6539-7569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyanendra","family":"Gongal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi 110002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4641-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK"},{"name":"Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fooks, A.R., and Jackson, A.C. 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