{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T14:12:21Z","timestamp":1784038341135,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30140501 and 21HA1004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30140501 and 21HA1004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few studies have shown the presence of norovirus (NoV) RNA in blood circulation but there is no data on norovirus antigenemia. We examined both antigenemia and RNAemia from the sera of children with NoV infections and studied whether norovirus antigenemia is correlated with the levels of norovirus-specific antibodies and clinical severity of gastroenteritis. Both stool and serum samples were collected from 63 children admitted to Mie National Hospital with acute NoV gastroenteritis. Norovirus antigen and RNA were detected in sera by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. NoV antigenemia was found in 54.8% (34\/62) and RNAemia in 14.3% (9\/63) of sera samples. Antigenemia was more common in the younger age group (0\u20132 years) than in the older age groups, and most patients were male. There was no correlation between stool viral load and norovirus antigen (NoV-Ag) levels (rs = \u22120.063; Cl \u22120.3150 to 0.1967; p = 0.6251). Higher levels of acute norovirus-specific IgG serum antibodies resulted in a lower antigenemia OD value (n = 61; r = \u22120.4258; CI \u22120.62 to \u22120.19; p = 0.0006). Norovirus antigenemia occurred more commonly in children under 2 years of age with NoV-associated acute gastroenteritis. The occurrence of antigenemia was not correlated with stool viral load or disease severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:47:32Z","timestamp":1642546052000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology of Norovirus (NoV) Infection in Mie Prefecture: The Kinetics of Norovirus Antigenemia in Pediatric Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2560-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer X.","family":"Amexo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Mie National Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-0125, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3225-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manami","family":"Negoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Mie National Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-0125, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elijah Deku-Mwin","family":"Kuurdor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4976-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belinda L.","family":"Lartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Sokejima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan"},{"name":"Epidemiology Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Mie University Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Sugata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Mie National Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-0125, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince Baffour","family":"Tonto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Mie National Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-0125, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyosu","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Mie National Hospital, Tsu-shi 514-0125, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rha, B., Lopman, B.A., Alcala, A.N., Riddle, M.S., and Porter, C.K. 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