{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:19:33Z","timestamp":1789532373866,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhuhai Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program","award":["ZH01110405180040PWC and 2120004000202 (H.L.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZH01110405180040PWC and 2120004000202 (H.L.)"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Fund of Education Department of Anhui Province, China","award":["(KJ2020A036)(X.W.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(KJ2020A036)(X.W.)"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan","award":["(2021YFC2103003) (X.Y.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2021YFC2103003) (X.Y.)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(31970456 and 31500594)(X.W.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(31970456 and 31500594)(X.W.)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Anhui Outstanding Youth Fund Overseas Visiting Program of Outstanding Young Talents Program","award":["(gxgwfx2020035)(X.W.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(gxgwfx2020035)(X.W.)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 epidemic is raging around the world. Neutralizing antibodies are powerful tools for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antibody CR3022, a SARS-CoV neutralizing antibody, was found to cross-react with SARS-CoV-2, but its affinity was lower than that of its binding with SARS-CoV, which greatly limited the further development of CR3022 against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is necessary to improve its affinity to SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. In this study, the structure-based molecular simulations were utilized to virtually mutate the possible key residues in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the CR3022 antibody. According to the criteria of mutation energy, the mutation sites that have the potential to impact the antibody affinity were then selected. Then optimized CR3022 mutants with the enhanced affinity were further identified and verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), surface plasma resonance (SPR) and autoimmune reactivity experiments. Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and binding free energy calculation (MM\/PBSA) were performed on the wild-type CR3022 and its two double-site mutants to understand in more detail the contribution of these sites to the higher affinity. It was found that the binding affinity of the CR3022 antibody could be significantly enhanced more than ten times after the introduction of the S103F\/Y mutation in HCDR\u20133 and the S33R mutation in LCDR\u20131. The additional hydrogen-bonding, hydrophobic interactions, as well as salt-bridges formed between the modified double-site mutated antibody and SARS-CoV-2 RBD were identified. The computational and experimental results clearly demonstrated that the affinity of the modified antibody has been greatly enhanced. This study indicates that CR3022 as a neutralizing antibody recognizing the conserved region of RBD against SARS-CoV with cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2, a different member in a large family of coronaviruses, could be improved by the computational and experimental approaches which provided insights for developing antibody drugs against SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T21:02:27Z","timestamp":1642626147000},"page":"186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Structure Based Affinity Maturation and Characterizing of SARS-CoV Antibody CR3022 against SARS-CoV-2 by Computational and Experimental Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, 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