{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:26:20Z","timestamp":1777397180592,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOC-023-FIO-18-2-58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOC-023-FIO-18-2-58"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301992\/2017-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301992\/2017-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/210.151\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.151\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has impacted public health and the world economy and fueled a worldwide race to approve therapeutic and prophylactic agents, but so far there are no specific antiviral drugs. Understanding the biology of the virus is the first step in structuring strategies to combat it, and in this context several studies have been conducted with the aim of understanding the replication mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro systems. In this work, studies using transmission and scanning electron microscopy and 3D electron microscopy modeling were performed with the goal of characterizing the morphogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells. Several ultrastructural changes were observed\u2014such as syncytia formation, cytoplasmic membrane projections, lipid droplets accumulation, proliferation of double-membrane vesicles derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and alteration of mitochondria. The entry of the virus into cells occurred through endocytosis. Viral particles were observed attached to the cell membrane and in various cellular compartments, and extrusion of viral progeny took place by exocytosis. These findings allow us to infer that Vero-E6 cells are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection as described in the literature and their replication cycle is similar to that described with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in vitro models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T22:59:57Z","timestamp":1642719597000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["SARS-CoV-2: Ultrastructural Characterization of Morphogenesis in an In Vitro System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1014-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debora Ferreira","family":"Barreto-Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Morfologia e Morfog\u00eanese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos Alexandre Nunes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Morfologia e Morfog\u00eanese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2189-7115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Luisa Teixeira","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Morfologia e Morfog\u00eanese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur da Costa","family":"Rasinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Morfologia e Morfog\u00eanese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Eduarda","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0037-059X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milene Dias","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4272-4325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Couto","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilda M.","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus Respirat\u00f3rios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendell","family":"Girard-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Microscopia Eletr\u00f4nica Rudolph Barth, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Br\u00e1ulio Soares","family":"Archanjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Laborat\u00f3rios de Microscopia, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro 25250-020, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8349-9529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia T.","family":"Bozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2212-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Moreno","family":"L. 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