{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:34:34Z","timestamp":1790836474372,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Institute of Research for Development (IRD)","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"The French agency for emerging infectious diseases (ANRS-MIE)","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of the study was to estimate the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among HCWs in Cochabamba, Bolivia and to determine the potential risk factors. In January 2021, a cross-sectional SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence study was conducted in 783 volunteer clinical and non-clinical HCWs in tertiary care facilities. It was based on IgG detection using ELISA, chemiluminiscence, and seroneutralisation tests from dried blood spots. Analysis revealed a high seroprevalence (43.4%) of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. The combination of anosmia and ageusia (OR: 68.11; 95%-CI 24.83\u2013186.80) was predictive of seropositivity. Belonging to the cleaning staff (OR: 1.94; 95%-CI 1.09\u20133.45), having more than two children in the same house (OR: 1.74; 95%-CI 1.12\u20132.71), and having been in contact with a close relative with COVID-19 (OR: 3.53; 95%-CI 2.24\u20135.58) were identified as risk factors for seropositivity in a multivariate analysis. A total of 47.5% of participants had received medication for COVID-19 treatment or prevention, and only ~50% of symptomatic subjects accessed PCR or antigenic testing. This study confirms a massive SARS-CoV-2 attack rate among HCWs in Cochabamba by the end of January 2021. The main risk factors identified are having a low-skilled job, living with children, and having been in contact with an infected relative in the household.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:42:26Z","timestamp":1643143346000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["High SARS-CoV-2 Prevalence among Healthcare Workers in Cochabamba, Bolivia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8695-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola Mariela","family":"Saba Villarroel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Rosario","family":"Castro Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectology Department, Viedma Hospital, Cochabamba 4780, Bolivia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Undurraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mar\u00eda de los \u00c1ngeles Clinic, Cochabamba 4780, Bolivia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heydi","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manuel Ascencio Villarroel Hospital, Cochabamba 4780, Bolivia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Jald\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Copacabana, Cochabamba 4780, Bolivia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Ninove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9715-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif","family":"Nurtop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7921-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Pezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souand","family":"Mohamed Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6052-3944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdennour","family":"Amroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0453-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"Seston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"de Lamballerie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0097","article-title":"The Heavy Toll of COVID-19 in Bolivia: A Tale of Distrust, Despair, and Health Inequalities","volume":"104","author":"Saavedra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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