{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T10:00:31Z","timestamp":1784455231750,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) through the Federal Office for Agri-culture and Food (BLE)","award":["2819113919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2819113919"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Following the introduction of the West Nile virus (WNV) into eastern Germany in 2018, increasing infections have been diagnosed in birds, equines, and humans over time, while the spread of WNV into western Germany remained unclear. We screened 437 equine sera from 2018 to 2020, excluding vaccinated horses, collected from convenience sampled patients in the eastern and western parts of Germany, for WNV-specific antibodies (ELISAs followed by virus\/specific neutralization tests) and genomes (RT-qPCRs). Clinical presentations, final diagnoses, and demographic data were also recorded. In the eastern part, a total of eight horses were found WNV seropositive in 2019 (seroprevalence of 8.16%) and 27 in 2020 (13.77%). There were also two clinically unsuspected horses with WNV-specific antibodies in the western part from 2020 (2.63%), albeit travel history-related infections could not be excluded. None of the horse sera contained WNV-specific genomes. Eight horses in eastern Germany carried WNV-IgM antibodies, but only four of these showed typical clinical signs. These results underline the difficulty of detecting a WNV infection in a horse solely based on clinical signs. Thus, WNV circulation is established in the horse population in eastern Germany, but not yet in the western part.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:42:26Z","timestamp":1643143346000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Seroepidemiological Survey of West Nile Virus Infections in Horses from Berlin\/Brandenburg and North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8338-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicitas","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5103-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmar S.","family":"Trachsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabita D.","family":"Stoeckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joke","family":"Bernis Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Veterinary Practice, 53819 Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"L\u00fcbke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Veterinary Practice, 53819 Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-185X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin H.","family":"Groschup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5451-4232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidrun","family":"Gehlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5295-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ute","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376230","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/376230","article-title":"The Global Ecology and Epidemiology of West Nile Virus","volume":"2015","author":"Chancey","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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