{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:48:53Z","timestamp":1760150933204,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["20wm0125010h0001, ED20wm0125010h0001, and 20wm0225002h0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20wm0125010h0001, ED20wm0125010h0001, and 20wm0225002h0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to analyze the situation of the first two epidemic waves in Myanmar using the publicly available daily situation of COVID-19 and whole-genome sequencing data of SARS-CoV-2. From March 23 to December 31, 2020, there were 33,917 confirmed cases and 741 deaths in Myanmar (case fatality rate of 2.18%). The first wave in Myanmar from March to July was linked to overseas travel, and then a second wave started from Rakhine State, a western border state, leading to the second wave spreading countrywide in Myanmar from August to December 2020. The estimated effective reproductive number (Rt) nationwide reached 6\u20138 at the beginning of each wave and gradually decreased as the epidemic spread to the community. The whole-genome analysis of 10 Myanmar SARS-CoV-2 strains together with 31 previously registered strains showed that the first wave was caused by GISAID clade O or PANGOLIN lineage B.6 and the second wave was changed to clade GH or lineage B.1.36.16 with a close genetic relationship with other South Asian strains. Constant monitoring of epidemiological situations combined with SARS-CoV-2 genome analysis is important for adjusting public health measures to mitigate the community transmissions of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:01:57Z","timestamp":1643320917000},"page":"259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epidemiology and Genetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Myanmar during the Community Outbreaks in 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7208-830X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wint Wint","family":"Phyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1554-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reiko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Wagatsuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Htay Htay","family":"Tin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Dagon Township, Yangon 111-91, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eh Htoo","family":"Pe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Dagon Township, Yangon 111-91, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su Mon Kyaw","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nay Chi","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lasham","family":"Di Ja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sekizuka","family":"Tsuyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuroda","family":"Makoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yadanar","family":"Kyaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine Department, Thingangyun Sanpya General Hospital, Yangon 110-71, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Chon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, 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