{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:45:46Z","timestamp":1784133946187,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately 5 million percutaneous coronary interventions are performed worldwide annually. Therefore, stent-related complications pose a serious public health concern. Stent thrombosis, although rare, is usually catastrophic, often associated with extensive myocardial infarction or death. Because little progress has been made in outcomes following stent thrombosis, ongoing research is focusing on further understanding the predictors as well as frequency and timing in various patient subgroups. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a viral illness caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), activates inflammatory mechanisms that potentially create a prothrombotic environment and increases the risk of local micro thromboembolism and all types of stent thrombosis. In-stent thrombosis occurrence increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, there is still lack of comprehensive studies describing this population. This review and worldwide analysis of coronary stent thrombosis cases related to COVID-19 summarizes all available data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:01:57Z","timestamp":1643320917000},"page":"260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Coronary Stent Thrombosis in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review of Cases Reported Worldwide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wojciech Jan","family":"Skorupski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and 1st Department of Cardiology, Lord\u2019s Transfiguration Clinical Hospital, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Grygier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and 1st Department of Cardiology, Lord\u2019s Transfiguration Clinical Hospital, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Lesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and 1st Department of Cardiology, Lord\u2019s Transfiguration Clinical Hospital, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4048-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Ka\u0142u\u017cna-Oleksy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and 1st Department of Cardiology, Lord\u2019s Transfiguration Clinical Hospital, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0118-5","article-title":"Predictors of Stent Thrombosis and Their Implications for Clinical Practice","volume":"16","author":"Gori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.15.1967","article-title":"Stent Thrombosis in the Modern Era: A Pooled Analysis of Multicenter Coronary Stent Clinical Trials","volume":"103","author":"Cutlip","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.09.079","article-title":"Thirty-Day Incidence and Six-Month Clinical Outcome of Thrombotic Stent Occlusion after Bare-Metal, Sirolimus, or Paclitaxel Stent Implantation","volume":"45","author":"Ong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.17.2126","article-title":"Incidence, Predictors, and Outcome of Thrombosis after Successful Implantation of Drug-Eluting Stents","volume":"293","author":"Iakovou","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.600155","article-title":"Correlates and Long-Term Outcomes of Angiographically Proven Stent Thrombosis with Sirolimus- and Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents","volume":"113","author":"Kuchulakanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.055","article-title":"Predictors of Coronary Stent Thrombosis","volume":"53","author":"Heestermans","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.685313","article-title":"Clinical End Points in Coronary Stent Trials","volume":"115","author":"Cutlip","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2014.05.016","article-title":"Stent Thrombosis: A Clinical Perspective","volume":"7","author":"Claessen","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25982","article-title":"Thrombosis in COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Hanff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-20-00935","article-title":"In-Hospital Outcomes of COVID-19 ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients","volume":"16","author":"Rossello","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.06.063","article-title":"Characteristics and Outcomes in Patients Presenting With COVID-19 and ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction","volume":"131","author":"Hamadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.926","article-title":"Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Positivity on Clinical Outcome among STEMI Patients Undergoing Mechanical Reperfusion: Insights from the ISACS STEMI COVID 19 Registry","volume":"332","author":"Debel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050809","article-title":"Acute COVID-19 and the Incidence of Ischemic Stroke and Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"142","author":"Modin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2021). European Society of Cardiology Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Part 1\u2014Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis. Cardiovasc. Res., cvab342."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1105","article-title":"Association of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) With Myocardial Injury and Mortality","volume":"5","author":"Bonow","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047525","article-title":"ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients With COVID-19","volume":"141","author":"Stefanini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000121424.76486.20","article-title":"Time Delay to Treatment and Mortality in Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Every Minute of Delay Counts","volume":"109","author":"Suryapranata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549","article-title":"The Science Underlying COVID-19","volume":"142","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666161230142931","article-title":"Inflammation: A Novel Therapeutic Target\/Direction in Atherosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618296","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.618296","article-title":"Targeting Lipid Rafts as a Strategy Against Coronavirus","volume":"8","author":"Sorice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574508","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.574508","article-title":"Targeting Lipid Rafts-A Potential Therapy for COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Sviridov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.02.023","article-title":"Lipid Rafts Are Involved in SARS-CoV Entry into Vero E6 Cells","volume":"369","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01325.x","article-title":"Lipid Rafts Are Required in G\u03b1i Signaling Downstream of the P2Y12 Receptor during ADP-Mediated Platelet Activation","volume":"3","author":"Quinton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306246","article-title":"Microdomains, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0110ukanovi\u0107, N., Obradovi\u0107, S., Zdravkovi\u0107, M., \u0110ura\u0161evi\u0107, S., Stojkovi\u0107, M., Tosti, T., Jasni\u0107, N., \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107, J., and Todorovi\u0107, Z. (2021). Lipids and Antiplatelet Therapy: Important Considerations and Future Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063180"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abosheasha, M.A., El-Gowily, A.H., and Elfiky, A.A. (2021). Potential Antiviral Properties of Antiplatelet Agents against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An in Silico Perspective. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis, 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-021-02558-5"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2020.05.024","article-title":"A Case Series of Stent Thrombosis During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"2","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01663-4","article-title":"Acute Myocardial Infarction Due to Coronary Stent Thrombosis in a Symptomatic COVID-19 Patient","volume":"110","author":"Hinterseer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28948","article-title":"Insights for Increased Risk of Failed Fibrinolytic Therapy and Stent Thrombosis Associated with COVID-19 in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients","volume":"97","author":"Lacour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.2459","article-title":"Late Coronary Stent Thrombosis in a Patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"5","author":"Rivero","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2020.1812792","article-title":"Subacute Stent Thrombosis in a Patient with COVID-19 Pneumonia","volume":"Volume 34","author":"Ayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2020.0166","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia and Very Late Stent Thrombosis: A Trigger or Innocent Bystander?","volume":"50","author":"Galeazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-20-485","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic and Stent Thrombosis in a Post Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Patient-a Case Report Highlighting the Selection of P2Y12 Inhibitor","volume":"10","author":"Choudhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunal, S., Pathak, V., Pathak, K., Mishra, M., Sharma, S.M., and Bhandari, S. (2021). Very Late Stent Thrombosis Associated with COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis.","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2021.1802"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e13194","article-title":"Subacute Stent Thrombosis in a Patient With COVID-19 Despite Adherence to Antiplatelets","volume":"13","author":"Elkholy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ytab114","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytab114","article-title":"Case Report of a Very Late Dual Coronary Stent Thrombosis in a Patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"5","author":"Lannou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.-Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4103\/rcm.rcm_39_20","article-title":"Late Stent Thrombosis and Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Case Affected with COVID-19: A Rare Manifestation","volume":"10","author":"Eskandarian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Kumar, A., and Jalwa, A. (2021). Stent Thrombosis Associated with COVID-19 in St-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J. MAR Cardiol., 3, Available online: https:\/\/www.medicalandresearch.com\/journals\/view_article\/683."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"e10708","article-title":"COVID-19 Infection Complicated by a Complete Occlusion of the Left Circumflex Artery with Acute Restenosis After Drug-Eluting Stent Placement","volume":"12","author":"Zaher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"330","article-title":"Early, Subacute Coronary Stent Thrombosis: A Complication of COVID-19 Infection","volume":"4","author":"Tabatabai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dubai Med. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.02.029","article-title":"Incidence, Implications, and Predictors of Stent Thrombosis in Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"117","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.024","article-title":"Venous and Arterial Thromboembolic Complications in COVID-19 Patients Admitted to an Academic Hospital in Milan, Italy","volume":"191","author":"Lodigiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067731","article-title":"Stent Thrombosis in Randomized Clinical Trials of Drug-Eluting Stents","volume":"356","author":"Mauri","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000133","article-title":"2014 AHA\/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"130","author":"Amsterdam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.11.019","article-title":"2013 ACCF\/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"61","author":"Kushner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx393","article-title":"2017 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation: The Task Force for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"39","author":"Ibanez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv320","article-title":"2015 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"37","author":"Roffi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.031","article-title":"COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-Up: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"75","author":"Bikdeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.03.031","article-title":"Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"75","author":"Driggin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa393","article-title":"Multivessel Coronary Thrombosis in a Patient with COVID-19 Pneumonia","volume":"41","author":"Dobarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2020.05.004","article-title":"COVID-19 and Simultaneous Thrombosis of Two Coronary Arteries","volume":"73","author":"Rey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2020.0337","article-title":"Multiple Spontaneous Coronary Thrombosis Causing ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Patient with COVID-19","volume":"81","author":"Kurdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.29179","article-title":"Acute Myocardial Infarction and Large Coronary Thrombosis in a Patient with COVID-19","volume":"97","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.903955","article-title":"Comparisons of Baseline Demographics, Clinical Presentation, and Long-Term Outcome Among Patients with Early, Late, and Very Late Stent Thrombosis of Sirolimus-Eluting Stents","volume":"122","author":"Kimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/2\/260\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:09:14Z","timestamp":1760134154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/2\/260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["v14020260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14020260","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]}}}