{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T09:46:05Z","timestamp":1772703965340,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005407","name":"Food and Health Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID190117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID190117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005407","name":"Food and Health Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID1903010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID1903010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007162","name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B1212030004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212030004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"L &amp; T Charitable Foundation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams","award":["2019BT02Y198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019BT02Y198"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Omicron was designated by the WHO as a VOC on 26 November 2021, only 4 days after its sequence was first submitted. However, the impact of Omicron on current antibodies and vaccines remains unknown and evaluations are still a few weeks away. We analysed the mutations in the Omicron variant against epitopes. In our database, 132 epitopes of the 120 antibodies are classified into five groups, namely NTD, RBD-1, RBD-2, RBD-3, and RBD-4. The Omicron mutations impact all epitopes in NTD, RBD-1, RBD-2, and RBD-3, with no antibody epitopes spared by these mutations. Only four out of 120 antibodies may confer full resistance to mutations in the Omicron spike, since all antibodies in these three groups contain one or more epitopes that are affected by these mutations. Of all antibodies under EUA, the neutralisation potential of Etesevimab, Bamlanivimab, Casirivimab, Imdevima, Cilgavimab, Tixagevimab, Sotrovimab, and Regdanvimab might be dampened to varying degrees. Our analysis suggests the impact of Omicron on current therapeutic antibodies by the Omicron spike mutations may also apply to current COVID-19 vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:58:03Z","timestamp":1644872283000},"page":"390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In-Silico Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ye-Fan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-Chu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2855-9837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hin","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7114-0305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bao-Zhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7531-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Dong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, November 26). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/activities\/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants\/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105081","article-title":"Unusual high number of spike protein mutations for the SARS-CoV-2 strains detected in Hong Kong","volume":"20","author":"Tsang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, December 26). Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.025","article-title":"Memory B cell repertoire for recognition of evolving SARS-CoV-2 spike","volume":"184","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24435-8","article-title":"Mapping Mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD That Escape Binding by Different Classes of Antibodies","volume":"12","author":"Greaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1164","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq888","article-title":"IEDB-3D: Structural data within the immune epitope database","volume":"39","author":"Ponomarenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.055","article-title":"Antibody evasion by the P.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"184","author":"Dejnirattisai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2349-y","article-title":"Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by a human monoclonal SARS-CoV antibody","volume":"583","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01294-w","article-title":"Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03807-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies that maximize breadth and resistance to escape","volume":"597","author":"Starr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109604","article-title":"Convergent antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in convalescent and vaccinated individuals","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100255","article-title":"Complete map of SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutations that escape the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 and its cocktail with LY-CoV016","volume":"2","author":"Starr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf1906","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf1906","article-title":"The neutralizing antibody, LY-CoV555, protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0827","article-title":"Studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail","volume":"369","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00972-2","article-title":"Genetic and structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralization by a two-antibody cocktail","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.037","article-title":"Mapping Neutralizing and Immunodominant Sites on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain by Structure-Guided High-Resolution Serology","volume":"183","author":"Piccoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20602-5","article-title":"A therapeutic neutralizing antibody targeting receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.11.007","article-title":"Complete Mapping of Mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain that Escape Antibody Recognition","volume":"29","author":"Greaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, November 11). Status of COVID-19 Vaccines within WHO EUL\/PQ Evaluation Process. Available online: https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/pqweb\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/Status_COVID_VAX_11Nov2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04005-0","article-title":"High genetic barrier to SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal neutralizing antibody escape","volume":"600","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04186-8","article-title":"Pre-existing polymerase-specific T cells expand in abortive seronegative SARS-CoV-2","volume":"601","author":"Swadling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04232-5","article-title":"A COVID-19 peptide vaccine for the induction of SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity","volume":"601","author":"Heitmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.053","article-title":"A Phase Ib Trial of Personalized Neoantigen Therapy Plus Anti-PD-1 in Patients with Advanced Melanoma, Non-small Cell Lung Cancer, or Bladder Cancer","volume":"183","author":"Ott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/2\/390\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:19:40Z","timestamp":1760134780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/2\/390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["v14020390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14020390","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]}}}