{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:49:17Z","timestamp":1778665757199,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017R1C1B2004597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1C1B2004597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coinfection rates with other pathogens in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) varied during the pandemic. We assessed the latest prevalence of coinfection with viruses, bacteria, and fungi in COVID-19 patients for more than one year and its impact on mortality. A total of 436 samples were collected between August 2020 and October 2021. Multiplex real-time PCR, culture, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed to detect pathogens. The coinfection rate of respiratory viruses in COVID-19 patients was 1.4%. Meanwhile, the rates of bacteria and fungi were 52.6% and 10.5% in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, respectively. Respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were the most commonly detected pathogens. Ninety percent of isolated A. baumannii was non-susceptible to carbapenem. Based on a multivariate analysis, coinfection (odds ratio [OR] = 6.095), older age (OR = 1.089), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (OR = 1.006) were risk factors for mortality as a critical outcome. In particular, coinfection with bacteria (OR = 11.250), resistant pathogens (OR = 11.667), and infection with multiple pathogens (OR = 10.667) were significantly related to death. Screening and monitoring of coinfection in COVID-19 patients, especially for hospitalized patients during the pandemic, are beneficial for better management and survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:48:41Z","timestamp":1645476521000},"page":"446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Coinfection in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4199-7033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seri","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Singil-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuri","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Singil-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeeun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Singil-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaehong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Singil-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kibum","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 12, Beodeunaru-ro, 7-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07247, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2775-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Jeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Singil-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5056-9033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wonkeun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Singil-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, December 09). 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