{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:20:58Z","timestamp":1790115658543,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biomedical Laboratory Research &amp; Development Service of the VA Office of Research and De-velopment","award":["BX004594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX004594"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AA24726, R37 AA020703, U01 AA026939, U01 AA026939-04S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA24726, R37 AA020703, U01 AA026939, U01 AA026939-04S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytolysin-positive Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) cause more severe alcohol-associated hepatitis, and phages might be used to specifically target these bacteria in a clinical trial. Using a humanized mouse model of ethanol-induced liver disease, the effect of cytolytic E. faecalis phage treatment on the intestinal and liver immune response was evaluated. The observed immune response was predominantly anti-inflammatory and tissue-restoring. Besides, live phages could be readily recovered from the serum, spleen, and liver following oral gavage in ethanol-fed mice. We also isolated 20 new phages from the sewage water; six of them exhibited a relatively broad host range. Taken together, the oral administration of cytolytic E. faecalis phages leads to the translocation of phages to the systemic circulation and appears to be safe, following chronic-binge ethanol administration. A cocktail of three phages covers the majority of tested cytolysin-positive E. faecalis strains and could be tested in a clinical trial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:49:03Z","timestamp":1645994943000},"page":"490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Immune Response of an Oral Enterococcus faecalis Phage Cocktail in a Mouse Model of Ethanol-Induced Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Beatriz Garcia","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Schnabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, VA San Diego HealthCare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1742-x","article-title":"Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease","volume":"575","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14377","article-title":"Cytolysin-positive Enterococcus faecalis is not increased in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"40","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2003.11.012","article-title":"Identification of peptide sequences that induce the transport of phage across the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier","volume":"116","author":"Duerr","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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