{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:54:37Z","timestamp":1760151277296,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003549","name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FK134311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FK134311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine sapeloviruses, teschoviruses of family Picornaviridae and type 3 porcine astroviruses of family Astroviridae are (re-)emerging enteric pathogens that could be associated with severe, disseminated infections in swine, affecting multiple organs including the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, small-scale pioneer studies indicate the presence of these viruses in porcine nasal samples to various extents. The laboratory diagnostics are predominantly based on the detection of the viral RNA from faecal and tissue samples using different nucleic-acid-based techniques such as RT-qPCR. In this study, a novel highly sensitive one-step triplex RT-qPCR assay was introduced which can detect all known types of neurotropic sapelo-, tescho- and type 3 astroviruses in multiple types of samples of swine. The assay was evaluated using in vitro synthesized RNA standards and a total of 142 archived RNA samples including known sapelo-, tescho- and type 3 astrovirus positive and negative CNS, enteric and nasal specimens. The results of a large-scale epidemiological investigation of these viruses on n = 473 nasal swab samples from n = 28 industrial-type swine farms in Hungary indicate that all three neurotropic viruses, especially type 3 astroviruses, are widespread and endemically present on most of the investigated farms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T22:53:56Z","timestamp":1646261636000},"page":"513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development and Large-Scale Testing of a Novel One-Step Triplex RT-qPCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of \u201cNeurotropic\u201d Porcine Sapeloviruses, Teschoviruses (Picornaviridae) and Type 3 Porcine Astroviruses (Astroviridae) in Various Samples including Nasal Swabs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Pankovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Reuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Cs\u00e1gola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva Phylaxia Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Korn\u00e9lia","family":"Bod\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"G\u00e1sp\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mih\u00e1ly","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva Phylaxia Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hunor","family":"B\u00edr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SHP Ltd., 7400 Kaposv\u00e1r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Boros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.06.001","article-title":"Investigation into an outbreak of encephalomyelitis caused by a neuroinvasive porcine sapelovirus in the United Kingdom","volume":"172","author":"Schock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. 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