{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:39:52Z","timestamp":1790912392577,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Core vaccinations and specific antibody titer evaluations are strongly recommended worldwide by all the vaccination guidelines. Virus neutralization (VN) is considered the gold standard for measuring antibody titer against canine distemper virus, but it is complex and time consuming, and the use of in-clinics tests would allow to obtain quicker results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement of the commercial in-clinics VacciCheck test compared to VN. A total of 106 canine sera were analyzed using both methods. The best agreement was obtained using a protective threshold of \u22651:32. VacciCheck showed 95.5% sensitivity, 87.2% specificity, and 92.5% accuracy. The Cohen\u2019s kappa coefficient between methods was 0.84 (CI 95% 0.73 to 0.95), revealing an optimal agreement between the two methods (p = 0.0073). The evaluation of discordant results reveal that most samples had less than 1.5 dilution difference, and that usually did not affect the classification as protected or non-protected. Results also suggest that, in dubious cases, especially when a protective result is expected, retesting is advisable. In conclusion, VacciCheck may be considered as a reliable instrument that may help the clinician in identifying the best vaccine protocol, avoiding unnecessary vaccination, and thus reducing the incidence of adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T20:36:30Z","timestamp":1646339790000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Agreement between In-Clinics and Virus Neutralization Tests in Detecting Antibodies against Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-7973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Meazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8849-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6766-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santina","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1276-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Mira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8542-9476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Dall\u2019Ara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Greene, C.E. (2012). Canine Distemper. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, Elsevier. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dall\u2019Ara, P. (2020). Vaccini e Vaccinazioni Degli Animali da Compagnia, EDRA."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"225","article-title":"Update on canine distemper virus (CDV) strains of Arctic-like lineage detected in dogs in Italy","volume":"54","author":"Mira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.09.023","article-title":"Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper","volume":"127","author":"Beineke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.2_12431","article-title":"WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats","volume":"57","author":"Day","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6741","article-title":"2017 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines","volume":"53","author":"Ford","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022, February 04). Australian Veterinary Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.ava.com.au\/policy-advocacy\/policies\/companion-animals-health\/vaccination-of-dogs-and-cats\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, February 04). British Small Animals Veterinary Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.bsava.com\/Resources\/Veterinary-resources\/Position-statements\/Vaccination."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2022, February 04). Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.canadianveterinarians.net\/documents\/vaccination-of-animals-position-statement."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2007.04.005","article-title":"Immune System Development in the Dog and Cat","volume":"137","author":"Day","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, M., Val\u00e9rio-Bolas, A., Saraiva-Marques, C., Alexandre-Pires, G., da Fonseca, I.P., and Santos-Gomes, G. (2019). Development of dog immune system: From in uterus to elderly. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci6040083"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.04.013","article-title":"Duration of immunity for canine and feline vaccines: A review","volume":"117","author":"Schultz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.10.009","article-title":"Age and Long-term Protective Immunity in Dogs and Cats","volume":"142","author":"Schultz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00312","article-title":"Vaccinovigilance: Gemeldete unerw\u00fcnschte Arzneimittelwirkungen immunologischer Tierarzneimittel im Jahr 2020","volume":"163","author":"Zaugg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmann, M., Freisl, M., Zablotski, Y., Khan, M.A.A., Speck, S., Truyen, U., and Hartmann, K. (2021). Prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to canine distemper virus and response to vaccination in client-owned adult healthy dogs. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050945"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Biogal Galed Labs. Acs. Ltd. (2022, January 16). VacciCheck\u00ae Titer Testing. Available online: https:\/\/www.biogal.com\/products\/vaccicheck\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800306","article-title":"Application of a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for evaluation of the immune status to canine parvovirus and distemper virus in adult dogs before revaccination","volume":"18","author":"Waner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.4.384","article-title":"Serologic response to canine distemper viral antigens in gnotobiotic dogs infected with canine distemper virus","volume":"132","author":"Krakowka","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.12.030","article-title":"Prevalence of positive antibody test results for canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) and response to modified live vaccination against CPV and CDV in dogs entering animal shelters","volume":"157","author":"Litster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01267904","article-title":"Canine distemper virus in ferret, dog and bovine kidney cell cultures","volume":"17","author":"Bussell","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1102","article-title":"Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs","volume":"227","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Biogal Galed Labs. Acs. Ltd. (2022, January 16). Performance Report: A Field and Experimental Trial to Assess the Performance of the ImmunoComb Canine VacciCheck Antibody Test Kit. Available online: https:\/\/vaccicheck.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/VacciCheck-Performance-Wisconsin.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piewbang, C., Wardhani, S.W., Dankaona, W., Yostawonkul, J., Boonrungsiman, S., Surachetpong, S., Kasantikul, T., and Techangamsuwan, S. (Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 2021). Feline morbillivirus-1 in dogs with respiratory diseases, Transbound. Emerg. Dis., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14278"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.04.027","article-title":"Feline morbillivirus in Northern Italy: Prevalence in urine and kidneys with and without renal disease","volume":"233","author":"Stranieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3390\/v7020699","article-title":"Morbillivirus infections: An introduction","volume":"7","author":"Duprex","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/3\/517\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:31:13Z","timestamp":1760135473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/3\/517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v14030517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14030517","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]}}}