{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:06:25Z","timestamp":1789733185130,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund \u2013 the Competitiveness and Cohesion Operational Programme","award":["K.K.01.1.1.04.0099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K.K.01.1.1.04.0099"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Negative-stranded RNA viruses (NSVs) are important human pathogens, including emerging and reemerging viruses that cause respiratory, hemorrhagic and other severe illnesses. Vaccine design traditionally relies on the viral surface glycoproteins. However, surface glycoproteins rarely elicit effective long-term immunity due to high variability. Therefore, an alternative approach is to include conserved structural proteins such as nucleoprotein (NP). NP is engaged in myriad processes in the viral life cycle: coating and protection of viral RNA, regulation of transcription\/replication processes and induction of immunosuppression of the host. A broad heterosubtypic T-cellular protection was ascribed very early to this protein. In contrast, the understanding of the humoral immunity to NP is very limited in spite of the high titer of non-neutralizing NP-specific antibodies raised upon natural infection or immunization. In this review, the data with important implications for the understanding of the role of NP in the immune response to human NSVs are revisited. Major implications of the elicited T-cell immune responses to NP are evaluated, and the possible multiple mechanisms of the neglected humoral response to NP are discussed. The intention of this review is to remind that NP is a very promising target for the development of future vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T20:36:30Z","timestamp":1646339790000},"page":"521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Role of Nucleoprotein in Immunity to Human Negative-Stranded RNA Viruses\u2014Not Just Another Brick in the Viral Nucleocapsid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1489-1003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"\u0160antak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Physical Chemistry, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, Bijeni\u010dka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zrinka","family":"Mati\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Physical Chemistry, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, Bijeni\u010dka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.5.1504","article-title":"Sequential transcription of the genes of vesicular stomatitis virus","volume":"73","author":"Abraham","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00571-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00571-19","article-title":"Analysis of Paramyxovirus Transcription and Replication by High-Throughput Sequencing","volume":"93","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.03.005","article-title":"Arenavirus genetic diversity and its biological implications","volume":"9","author":"Emonet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Genet Evolut."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"581","article-title":"After Marburg, Ebola","volume":"1","author":"Hartman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2009.12.001","article-title":"Ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fever","volume":"30","author":"Hartman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90006-3","article-title":"Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Egypt: Observations of the spectrum of human illness","volume":"73","author":"Laughlin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"867","article-title":"Rift Valley fever affecting humans in South Africa","volume":"51","author":"Meyer","year":"1977","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.6.15197","article-title":"Human pathogenic hantaviruses and prevention of infection","volume":"7","author":"Klempa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2019.06.005","article-title":"A short history of Lassa fever: The first 10\u201315 years after discovery","volume":"37","author":"Monath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.61.2.0207","article-title":"Viral infections of the nervous system","volume":"61","author":"Weiner","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252316000062","article-title":"The pathogenesis of bornaviral diseases in mammals","volume":"17","author":"Tizard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafa, A., Abdelwhab, E.M., Mettenleiter, T.C., and Pleschka, S. (2018). Zoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses: A Comprehensive Overview. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090497"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"427","article-title":"In vivo reassortment of influenza viruses","volume":"1","author":"Urbaniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-1157(89)90031-0","article-title":"Mumps vaccine L-Zagreb, prepared in chick fibroblasts. I. Production and field trials","volume":"17","author":"Beck","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Stand."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-123-31599","article-title":"Live attenuated mumps virus vaccine. 1. Vaccine development","volume":"123","author":"Buynak","year":"1966","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196007282630401","article-title":"Studies of an attenuated measles virus vaccine: I. Development and preparation of the vaccine: Technics for assay of effects of vaccination","volume":"263","author":"Enders","year":"1960","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"175","article-title":"Attenuation and characterisation of Edmonston-Zagreb measles virus","volume":"16","author":"Beck","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann. Immunol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890100206","article-title":"Antibody response after application of a new live attenuated mumps vaccine (Pariorix) measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)","volume":"10","author":"Kunz","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20587","article-title":"Mumps virus strains isolated in Croatia in 1998 and 2005: Genotyping and putative antigenic relatedness to vaccine strains","volume":"78","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.04.007","article-title":"Variability of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and nucleocapsid protein of vaccine and wild-type mumps virus strains","volume":"8","author":"Santak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812001896","article-title":"Antigenic differences between vaccine and circulating wild-type mumps viruses decreases neutralization capacity of vaccine-induced antibodies","volume":"141","author":"Forcic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000059","article-title":"Identification of conformational neutralization sites on the fusion protein of mumps virus","volume":"96","author":"Gulija","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.09.024","article-title":"Emergent lineages of mumps virus suggest the need for a polyvalent vaccine","volume":"66","author":"May","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.05.067","article-title":"Knowledge gaps persist and hinder progress in eliminating mumps","volume":"36","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.11.016","article-title":"Sera from different age cohorts in Belgium show limited cross-neutralization between the mumps vaccine and outbreak strains","volume":"25","author":"Vermeire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02089","article-title":"Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations\u2014Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines?","volume":"11","author":"Connell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.01.039","article-title":"Cross-neutralization between vaccine and circulating wild-type mumps viruses in Korea","volume":"39","author":"Won","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"221","article-title":"Old and new ways to combat human influenza virus","volume":"114","year":"2012","journal-title":"Period. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, January 13). Recommended Composition of Influenza Virus Vaccines for Use in the 2021\u20132022 Northern Hemisphere Influenza Season. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2021-2022-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, January 13). Seasonal Influenza Vaccines: An Overview for Decision-Makers. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/336951."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.5.2723-2729.1993","article-title":"Analysis of the evolution and variation of the human influenza A virus nucleoprotein gene from 1933 to 1990","volume":"67","author":"Shu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3986-4","article-title":"Comparative genomics of human rubulavirus 2","volume":"163","author":"Tabain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-67-9-1929","article-title":"Immunological relationships between mumps virus and parainfluenza viruses studied with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"67","author":"Rydbeck","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90508-4","article-title":"Extensive antigenic diversity among human parainfluenza type 2 virus isolates and immunological relationships among paramyxoviruses revealed by monoclonal antibodies","volume":"171","author":"Tsurudome","year":"1989","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01319249","article-title":"Immunological relationships between parainfluenza virus type 4 and other paramyxoviruses studied by use of monoclonal antibodies","volume":"116","author":"Komada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03649-14","article-title":"Serologic cross-reactions between nucleocapsid proteins of human respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.07.011","article-title":"Nucleoproteins and nucleocapsids of negative-strand RNA viruses","volume":"14","author":"Ruigrok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.07.006","article-title":"Structural perspective on the formation of ribonucleoprotein complex in negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, M., Terrell, J.R., and McManus, S.A. (2020). Nucleocapsid Structure of Negative Strand RNA Virus. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080835"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., and Shen, Q.T. (2021). Insights into Paramyxovirus Nucleocapsids from Diverse Assemblies. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122479"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-015-0163-3","article-title":"Insight into the Ebola virus nucleocapsid assembly mechanism: Crystal structure of Ebola virus nucleoprotein core domain at 1.8 \u00c5 resolution","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.01.003","article-title":"Segmented negative strand RNA virus nucleoprotein structure","volume":"5","author":"Reguera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2003.08.011","article-title":"Crystal Structure of the Borna Disease Virus Nucleoprotein","volume":"11","author":"Rudolph","year":"2003","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05379","article-title":"The mechanism by which influenza A virus nucleoprotein forms oligomers and binds RNA","volume":"444","author":"Ye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-012-2087-5","article-title":"A versatile building block: The structures and functions of negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus nucleocapsid proteins","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01459-10","article-title":"Nucleoprotein-RNA Orientation in the Measles Virus Nucleocapsid by Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy","volume":"85","author":"Desfosses","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1792","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503941112","article-title":"Structure of the paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus 5 nucleoprotein-RNA complex","volume":"112","author":"Alayyoubi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8530","article-title":"Genome nucleotide lengths that are divisible by six are not essential but enhance replication of defective interfering RNAs of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5","volume":"232","author":"Murphy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.54.2.598-607.1985","article-title":"Mass and molecular composition of vesicular stomatitis virus: A scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis","volume":"54","author":"Thomas","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.06.003","article-title":"Assembly of the Ebola virus nucleoprotein from a chaperoned VP35 complex","volume":"12","author":"Kirchdoerfer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Communie, G., Habchi, J., Yabukarski, F., Blocquel, D., Schneider, R., Tarbouriech, N., Papageorgiou, N., Ruigrok, R.W., Jamin, M., and Ringkj\u00f8bing-Jensen, M. (2013). Atomic resolution description of the interaction between the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein of Hendra virus. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003631"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13583","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.219857","article-title":"Characterization of the interactions between the nucleoprotein and the phosphoprotein of Henipaviruses","volume":"286","author":"Habchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18638","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M300518200","article-title":"The C-terminal domain of the measles virus nucleoprotein is intrinsically disordered and folds upon binding to the C-terminal moiety of the phosphoprotein","volume":"278","author":"Longhi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2003.11.007","article-title":"The C-terminal domain of measles virus nucleoprotein belongs to the class of intrinsically disordered proteins that fold upon binding to their physiological partner","volume":"99","author":"Bourhis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2012.706068","article-title":"Assessing induced folding within the intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain of the Henipavirus nucleoproteins by site directed spin labeling EPR spectroscopy","volume":"31","author":"Martinho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201402534","article-title":"Dynamics of the intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain of the Nipah virus nucleoprotein and interaction with the X domain of the phosphoprotein as unveiled by NMR spectroscopy","volume":"16","author":"Baronti","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-014-1048-z","article-title":"Molecular basis for structural heterogeneity of an intrinsically disordered protein bound to a partner by combined ESI-IM-MS and modeling","volume":"26","author":"Konijnenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02362-0","article-title":"Structural plasticity of mumps virus nucleocapsids with cryo-EM structures","volume":"4","author":"Shan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1634","article-title":"Substitution of two residues in the measles virus nucleoprotein results in an impaired self-association","volume":"302","author":"Karlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.05.015","article-title":"Conformational Flexibility in Recombinant Measles Virus Nucleocapsids Visualised by Cryo-negative Stain Electron Microscopy and Real-space Helical Reconstruction","volume":"340","author":"Bhella","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.03.073","article-title":"The 12 A\u00b0 Structure of Trypsin-treated Measles Virus N\u2013RNA","volume":"339","author":"Schoehn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02865-15","article-title":"Crystal structure of the measles virus nucleoprotein core in complex with an N-terminal region of phosphoprotein","volume":"90","author":"Guryanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125280","article-title":"Crystal Structure of the Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein-RNA Complex","volume":"313","author":"Albertini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3390\/v2010027","article-title":"Nucleoproteins of Negative Strand RNA Viruses; RNA Binding, Oligomerisation and Binding to Polymerase Co-Factor","volume":"2","author":"Ruigrok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177634","article-title":"Crystal structure of a nucleocapsid-like nucleoprotein-RNA complex of respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"326","author":"Tawar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa5137","article-title":"Structural virology. Near-atomic cryo-EM structure of the helical measles virus nucleocapsid","volume":"348","author":"Gutsche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15208","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413268111","article-title":"Structural studies on the authentic mumps virus nucleocapsid showing uncoiling by the phosphoprotein","volume":"111","author":"Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharat, T.A.M., Riches, J.D., Kolesnikova, L., Welsch, S., Kraehling, V., Davey, N., Parsy, M., Becker, S., and Briggs, J.A.G. (2011). Cryo-Electron Tomography of Marburg Virus Particles and Their Morphogenesis within Infected Cells. PLoS Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001196"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4275","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120453109","article-title":"Structural dissection of Ebola virus and its assembly determinants using cryo-electron tomography","volume":"109","author":"Bharat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-112110","article-title":"Structure of the influenza virus A H5N1 nucleoprotein: Implications for RNA binding, oligomerization, and vaccine design","volume":"22","author":"Ng","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11769","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001760107","article-title":"Structure of the Rift Valley fever virus nucleocapsid protein reveals another architecture for RNA encapsidation","volume":"107","author":"Raymond","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferron, F., Li, Z., Danek, E.I., Luo, D., Wong, Y., Coutard, B., Lantez, V., Charrel, R., Canard, B., and Walz, T. (2011). The Hexamer Structure of the Rift Valley Fever Virus Nucleoprotein Suggests a Mechanism for its Assembly into Ribonucleoprotein Complexes. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002030"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.02.005","article-title":"Structure of the Hantavirus Nucleoprotein Provides Insights into the Mechanism of RNA Encapsidation","volume":"14","author":"Olal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6807","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00338-07","article-title":"Interaction of the C-terminal domains of sendai virus N and P proteins: Comparison of polymerase-nucleocapsid interactions within the paramyxovirus family","volume":"81","author":"Houben","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, W., Olson, J., Vakharia, V., and Tao, Y.J. (2013). The crystal structure and RNA-binding of an orthomyxovirus nucleoprotein. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003624"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46126-7","article-title":"Cryo EM structure of the rabies virus ribonucleoprotein complex","volume":"9","author":"Riedel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab203","article-title":"Crystal structures of influenza nucleoprotein complexed with nucleic acid provide insights into the mechanism of RNA interaction","volume":"49","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.128","article-title":"Influenza virus nucleoprotein: Structure, RNA binding, oligomerization and antiviral drug target","volume":"8","author":"Chenavas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxz034","article-title":"Regulation of signaling mediated by nucleic acid sensors for innate interferon-mediated responses during viral infection","volume":"31","author":"Takaoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01586","article-title":"Comparative Structure and Function Analysis of the RIG-I-Like Receptors: RIG-I and MDA5","volume":"10","author":"Brisse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"532","article-title":"The RNA synthesis machinery of negative-stranded RNA viruses","volume":"479\u2013480","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5952","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401449101","article-title":"Two RNA polymerase complexes from vesicular stomatitis virus-infected cells that carry out transcription and replication of genome RNA","volume":"101","author":"Qanungo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90448-7","article-title":"Interaction of VSV leader RNA and nucleocapsid protein may control VSV genome replication","volume":"23","author":"Blumberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10851","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00664-14","article-title":"Sequence of events in measles virus replication: Role of phosphoprotein-nucleocapsid interactions","volume":"88","author":"Brunel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122569","article-title":"RNA polymerase of influenza virus: Role of NP in RNA chain elongation","volume":"104","author":"Honda","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2589","article-title":"The role and assembly mechanism of nucleoprotein in influenza A virus ribonucleoprotein complexes","volume":"4","author":"Turrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7126","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA117.001683","article-title":"Influenza A virus nucleoprotein is acetylated by histone acetyltransferases PCAF and GCN5","volume":"293","author":"Hatakeyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02274-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02274-20","article-title":"Reduced Nucleoprotein Availability Impairs Negative-Sense RNA Virus Replication and Promotes Host Recognition","volume":"95","author":"Uhl","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02094-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02094-17","article-title":"A Single Amino Acid Substitution within the Paramyxovirus Sendai Virus Nucleoprotein Is a Critical Determinant for Production of Interferon-Beta-Inducing Copyback-Type Defective Interfering Genomes","volume":"92","author":"Yoshida","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198705000-00007","article-title":"Prospective study of the magnitude and duration of changes in tuberculin reactivity during uncomplicated and complicated measles","volume":"6","author":"Tamashiro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(84)90184-3","article-title":"Cellular immune responses during complicated and uncomplicated measles virus infections of man","volume":"31","author":"Hirsch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(80)90294-4","article-title":"Measles virus inhibits acquisition of lymphocyte functions but not established effector functions","volume":"50","author":"Galama","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.2.275","article-title":"Differential CD4 T cell activation in measles","volume":"168","author":"Griffin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.1.47","article-title":"Infection of monocytes during measles","volume":"168","author":"Esolen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.2.269","article-title":"Measles virus nucleocapsid protein binds to Fc\u03b3RII and inhibits human B cell antibody production","volume":"186","author":"Ravanel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00090-5","article-title":"Mechanism of measles virus-induced suppression of inflammatory immune responses","volume":"14","author":"Marie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11952","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.21.11952-11961.2004","article-title":"Cell surface delivery of the measles virus nucleoprotein: A viral strategy to induce immunosuppression","volume":"78","author":"Marie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11332","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.21.11332-11346.2003","article-title":"Measles virus (MV) nucleoprotein binds to a novel cell surface receptor distinct from FcgammaRII via its C-terminal domain: Role in MV-induced immunosuppression","volume":"77","author":"Laine","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016404108","article-title":"Structure of the Lassa virus nucleoprotein reveals a dsRNAspecific 30 to 50 exonuclease activity essential for immune suppression","volume":"108","author":"Hastie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9192","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00555-06","article-title":"Inhibition of the type I interferon response by the nucleoprotein of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"80","author":"Rosario","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9452","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00155-10","article-title":"Induction and inhibition of type I interferon responses by distinct components of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"84","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13811","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01908-14","article-title":"The exonuclease domain of Lassa virus nucleoprotein is involved in antigen-presenting-cell-mediated NK cell responses","volume":"88","author":"Russier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01929-12","article-title":"Cleavage of the Junin virus nucleoprotein serves a decoy function to inhibit the induction of apoptosis during infection","volume":"87","author":"Wolff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, K., Tripathi, S., Ranjan, P., Kumar, P., Garten, R., Deyde, V., Katz, J.M., Cox, N.J., Lal, R.B., and Sambhara, S. (2011). Influenza A virus nucleoprotein exploits Hsp40 to inhibit PKR activation. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020215"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4002","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02220-09","article-title":"Rabies virus nucleoprotein functions to evade activation of the RIG-I-mediated antiviral response","volume":"84","author":"Masatani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.09.016","article-title":"Amino acids at positions 273 and 394 in rabies virus nucleoprotein are important for both evasion of host RIG-I-mediated antiviral response and pathogenicity","volume":"155","author":"Masatani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12058","article-title":"Importance of rabies virus nucleoprotein in viral evasion of interferon response in the brain","volume":"57","author":"Masatani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.08.006","article-title":"Borna disease virus nucleoprotein inhibits type I interferon induction through the interferon regulatory factor 7 pathway","volume":"438","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00292","article-title":"Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and MHC Class II Proteins: Conformational Plasticity in Antigen Presentation","volume":"8","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.132","article-title":"Cytolytic CD4(+) T cells in viral immunity","volume":"9","author":"Soghoian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.128.1.233","article-title":"Antigen-specific human T lymphocyte clones: Induction, antigen specificity, and MHC restriction of influenza virus-immune clones","volume":"128","author":"Lamb","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2020_203","article-title":"T cells and their function in the immune response to viruses","volume":"64","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00019","article-title":"Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells-Friend or Foe during Viral Infection?","volume":"8","author":"Juno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8682","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.11.8682-8689.1998","article-title":"Human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte repertoire to influenza A viruses","volume":"72","author":"Jameson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.2731","article-title":"Of mice and not men: Differences between mouse and human immunology","volume":"172","author":"Mestas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Fields, B.N., Knipe, D.M., and Howley, P.M. (1996). Measles virus. Fields Virology, Lippincott\u2013Raven. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb06633.x","article-title":"Demonstration of virus-specific CD8+ memory T cells in measles-seropositive individuals by in vitro peptide stimulation","volume":"102","author":"Nanan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02152920","article-title":"Demonstration of HLA restricted cells in patients with acute measles","volume":"165","author":"Kreth","year":"1979","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.38.1.226-232.1982","article-title":"Killing of measles virus\u2013infected cells by human cytotoxic T cells","volume":"38","author":"Lucas","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.36.2.657-661.1982","article-title":"Generation of cytolytic T-cell cultures displaying measles virus specificity and human histocompatibility leucyte antigen restriction","volume":"36","author":"Sethi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.133.2.754","article-title":"Measles virus\u2013specific T4+ human cytotoxic T cell clones are restricted by class II HLA antigens","volume":"133","author":"Jacobson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.134.3.1561","article-title":"Measles-specific T cell clones derived from a twin with multiple sclerosis: Genetic restriction studies","volume":"34","author":"Richert","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.4.1756-1762.1989","article-title":"HLA class II\u2013restricted presentation of cytoplasmic measles virus antigens to cytotoxic T cells","volume":"63","author":"Jacobson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.6.2394","article-title":"The predominance of CD8+ T cells after infection with measles virus suggests a role for CD8+ class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in recovery from measles. Clonal analyses of human CD8+ class I MHC-restricted CTL","volume":"144","author":"Poelen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1086\/515271","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen class I- and class II-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to measles antigens in immune adults","volume":"177","author":"Jaye","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1990.tb03320.x","article-title":"Cloning of human T cell specific for measles virus haemagglutinin and nucleocapsid","volume":"81","author":"Ilonen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.1987.1.153","article-title":"Induction of measles virus-specific human cytotoxic T cells by purified measles virus nucleocapsid and hemagglutinin polypeptides","volume":"1","author":"Jacobson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8678","article-title":"Use of synthetic peptides to identify measles nucleoprotein T-cell epitopes in vaccinated and naturally infected humans","volume":"235","author":"Hickman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-7-1609","article-title":"Characterization of T cell epitopes in measles virus nucleoprotein","volume":"80","author":"Marttila","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00716.x","article-title":"Processing of the DRB1*1103-restricted measles virus nucleoprotein determinant 185-199 in the endosomal compartment","volume":"114","author":"Demotz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.1.42-51.2004","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Novel, Naturally Processed Measles Virus Class II HLA-DRB1 Peptides","volume":"78","author":"Ovsyannikova","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30541-3","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of mumps in a high vaccination era","volume":"19","author":"Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"474","article-title":"Identification of Naturally Processed Mumps Virus Epitopes by Mass Spectrometry: Confirmation of Multiple CD8+ T-Cell Responses in Mumps Patients","volume":"221","author":"Emmelot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01883-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01883-18","article-title":"The Human CD4(+) T Cell Response against Mumps Virus Targets a Broadly Recognized Nucleoprotein Epitope","volume":"93","author":"Emmelot","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00536-3","article-title":"Pathogenesis of RSV lower respiratory tract infection: Implications for vaccine development","volume":"19","author":"Brandenburg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196207122670204","article-title":"Natural reinfection of adults by respiratory syncytial virus. Possible relation to mild upper respiratory disease","volume":"267","author":"Johnson","year":"1962","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.4.693","article-title":"Immunity to and frequency of reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"163","author":"Hall","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws257","article-title":"The natural history of respiratory syncytial virus in a birth cohort: The influence of age and previous infection on reinfection and disease","volume":"176","author":"Ohuma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80799-2","article-title":"Cellular response to respiratory viruses with particular reference to children with disorders of cell-mediated immunity","volume":"96","author":"Fishaut","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9183","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.23.9183","article-title":"Specific human cytotoxic T cells recognize B-cell lines persistently infected with respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"83","author":"Bangham","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.05.005","article-title":"Protective and dysregulated T cell immunity in RSV infection","volume":"3","author":"Openshaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.15.5.1248-1255.1975","article-title":"Antibody-induced capping of measles virus antigens on plasma membrane studied by electron microscopy","volume":"15","author":"Lampert","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1265725","article-title":"Aberrant T cell immunity triggered by human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and human Metapneumovirus infection","volume":"8","author":"Lay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.12.3973","article-title":"Human and murine cytotoxic T cells specific to respiratory syncytial virus recognize the viral nucleoprotein (N), but not the major glycoprotein (G), expressed by vaccinia virus recombinants","volume":"137","author":"Bangham","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7694","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.16.7694-7697.2000","article-title":"Characterization of a novel respiratory syncytial virus-specific human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope","volume":"74","author":"Goulder","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/89098","article-title":"A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease","volume":"7","author":"Groen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14003","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.24.14003-14011.2004","article-title":"Human Metapneumovirus Persists in BALB\/c Mice despite the Presence of Neutralizing Antibodies","volume":"78","author":"Alvarez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5971","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.10.5971-5978.2005","article-title":"The Immune Response to Human Metapneumovirus Is Associated with Aberrant Immunity and Impaired Virus Clearance in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"79","author":"Alvarez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix358","article-title":"Immunologic Profiling of Human Metapneumovirus for the Development of Targeted Immunotherapy","volume":"216","author":"Tzannou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2008.0097","article-title":"Analysis of the immune response to Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein C-terminal-specific CD8(+) T cells in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-005-0555-4","article-title":"Hantavirus nucleocapsid protein: A multifunctional molecule with both housekeeping and ambassadorial duties","volume":"150","author":"Kaukinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.7.5301-5308.1999","article-title":"Human memory cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to Hantaan virus infection: Identification of virus-specific and cross-reactive CD8(+) CTL epitopes on nucleocapsid protein","volume":"73","author":"Schmaljohn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Wang, J., Yuan, B., Wang, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., and Yi, J. (2013). HLA-A2 and B35 Restricted Hantaan Virus Nucleoprotein CD8+ T-Cell Epitope-Specific Immune Response Correlates with Milder Disease in Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002076"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2011.0026","article-title":"Identification of three novel CTL epitopes within nucleocapsid protein of Hantaan virus","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viral. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-5-1131","article-title":"Characterization of HLA-A2.1-restricted epitopes, conserved in both Hantaan and Sin Nombre viruses, in Hantaan virus-infected patients","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806200115","article-title":"Analysis of CD8+ T cell response during the 2013-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa","volume":"115","author":"Sakabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.09.042","article-title":"Computational prediction and identification of HLA-A2.1-specific Ebola virus CTL epitopes","volume":"360","author":"Sundar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.12.013","article-title":"Old and New world arenaviruses share a highly conserved epitope in the fusion domain of the glycoprotein 2, which is recognized by Lassa virus-specific human CD4+ T-cell clones","volume":"321","author":"Badusche","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890220110","article-title":"Standardization of a plaque assay for Lassa virus","volume":"22","author":"Tomori","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix201","article-title":"A case of human Lassa virus infection with robust acute T-cell activation and long-term virus-specific T-cell responses","volume":"215","author":"McElroy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90388-8","article-title":"Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia: IV. Selection of optimally effective plasma for treatment by passive immunization","volume":"79","author":"Jahrling","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.5.2186-2192.2000","article-title":"Characterization of human CD4+ T cell clones recognizing conserved and variable epitopes of the Lassa virus nucleoprotein","volume":"74","author":"Badusche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00153-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00153-20","article-title":"Identification of Common CD8+ T Cell Epitopes from Lassa Fever Survivors in Nigeria and Sierra Leone","volume":"94","author":"Sakabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan, B.M., Sakabe, S., Hartnett, J.N., Ngo, N., Goba, A., Momoh, M., Sandi, J.D., Kanneh, L., Cubitt, B., and Garcia, S.D. (2020). High crossreactivity of human T cell responses between Lassa virus lineages. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008352"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, A., and Lapuente, D. (2021). T Cell Immunity against Influenza: The Long Way from Animal Models Towards a Real-Life Universal Flu Vaccine. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020199"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3350","article-title":"Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza","volume":"19","author":"Sridhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6527","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00519-10","article-title":"Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Established by Seasonal Human Influenza Cross-React against 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus","volume":"84","author":"Tu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.048652-0","article-title":"Human T-cells directed to seasonal influenza A virus cross-react with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) and swine-origin triple-reassortant H3N2 influenza viruses","volume":"94","author":"Hillaire","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5161","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02694-07","article-title":"Cross-recognition of avian H5N1 influenza virus by human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte populations directed to humaninfluenza A virus","volume":"82","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"3478","article-title":"Memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection cross-react with avian influenza A (H5N1) in healthy individuals","volume":"118","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322229111","article-title":"Preexisting CD8+ T-cell immunity to the H7N9 influenza A virus varies across ethnicities","volume":"111","author":"Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6833","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7833","article-title":"Recovery from severe H7N9 disease is associated with diverse response mechanisms dominated by CD8(+) T cells","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.01.016","article-title":"Human influenza viruses and CD8(+) T cell responses","volume":"16","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12241","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01563-08","article-title":"Immunomic analysis of the repertoire of T-cell specificities for influenza A virus in humans","volume":"82","author":"Assarsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9178","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105624108","article-title":"Systematic identification of immunodominant CD8+ T-cell responses to influenza A virus in HLA-A2 individuals","volume":"108","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.78","article-title":"Nucleoprotein of influenza A virus is a major target of immunodominant CD8+ T-cell responses","volume":"91","author":"Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90019-X","article-title":"The epitopes of influenza nucleoprotein recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be defined with short synthetic peptides","volume":"44","author":"Townsend","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.01.002","article-title":"Single mucosal vaccination targeting nucleoprotein provides broad protection against two lineages of influenza B virus","volume":"163","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2019.8.1.54","article-title":"Nucleoprotein vaccine induces cross-protective cytotoxic T lymphocytes against both lineages of influenza B virus","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.5.2567-2572.2002","article-title":"Sequence variation in a newly identified HLA-B35-restricted epitope in the influenza A virus nucleoprotein associated with escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"76","author":"Boon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.02.020","article-title":"Sequence variation in the influenza A virus nucleoprotein associated with escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"103","author":"Rimmelzwaan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6800","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.15.6800-6807.2000","article-title":"Antigenic drift in the influenza A virus (H3N2) nucleoprotein and escape from recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"74","author":"Voeten","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2612","article-title":"Preexisting influenza-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans","volume":"18","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11760","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01631-14","article-title":"Immunodominant CD4+ T-cell responses to influenza A virus in healthy individuals focus on matrix 1 and nucleoprotein","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.033","article-title":"Highly conserved influenza T cell epitopes induce broadly protective immunity","volume":"37","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2009.16","article-title":"Prospects for an influenza vaccine that induces cross-protective cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"87","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, W., Liu, F., Dong, L., Lu, X., Hancock, K., Reinherz, E.L., Katz, J.M., and Sambhara, S. (2010). Significant impact of sequence variations in the nucleoprotein on CD8 T cell-mediated cross-protection against influenza A virus infections. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010583"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.09.022","article-title":"Immune responses to influenza virus infection","volume":"162","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201411-1988OC","article-title":"Natural t cell-mediated protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza. Results of the flu watch cohort study","volume":"191","author":"Hayward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.4.2453","article-title":"Recognition of homo- and heterosubtypic variants of influenza A viruses by human CD8+ T lymphocytes","volume":"172","author":"Boon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00355-9","article-title":"CD4+ and CD8+ mediated cellular immune response to recombinant influenza nucleoprotein","volume":"20","author":"Gschoesser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.3.984","article-title":"Human T cell recognition of influenza A nucleoprotein. Specificity and genetic restriction of immunodominant T helper cell epitopes","volume":"147","author":"Brett","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"527","article-title":"Recognition of influenza virus proteins by cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"323","author":"Townsend","year":"1989","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-67-4-719","article-title":"Recognition of influenza A virus nucleoprotein by human cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"67","author":"McMichael","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.6.1785","article-title":"Influenza A virus nucleoprotein is a major target antigen for cross-reactive anti-influenza A virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"82","author":"Yewdell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw399","article-title":"Towards the knowledge-based design of universal influenza epitope ensemble vaccines","volume":"32","author":"Sheikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.10.042","article-title":"B Cell Receptor Crosslinking Augments Germinal Center B Cell Selection when T Cell Help Is Limiting","volume":"25","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_198","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current view on novel vaccine technologies to combat human infectious diseases","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.6.4168","article-title":"A novel role for non-neutralizing antibodies against nucleoprotein in facilitating resistance to influenza virus","volume":"181","author":"Carragher","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003057","article-title":"Contributions of antinucleoprotein IgG to heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus","volume":"186","author":"LaMere","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664212","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.664212","article-title":"A Recombinant BCG Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic in Neonatal Calves and Reduces the Clinical Disease Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus","volume":"12","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roux, X., Dubuquoy, C., Durand, G., Tran-Tolla, T.L., Castagn\u00e9, N., Bernard, J., Petit-Camurdan, A., El\u00e9ou\u00ebt, J.F., and Riffault, S. (2008). Sub-nucleocapsid nanoparticles: A nasal vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001766"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Remot, A., Roux, X., Dubuquoy, C., Fix, J., Bouet, S., Moudjou, M., El\u00e9ou\u00ebt, J.F., Riffault, S., and Petit-Camurdan, A. (2012). Nucleoprotein nanostructures combined with adjuvants adapted to the neonatal immune context: A candidate mucosal RSV vaccine. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037722"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007983306341","article-title":"A major antigenic domain of hantaviruses is located on the aminoproximal site of the viral nucleocapsid protein","volume":"14","author":"Gott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(200006)61:2<266::AID-JMV14>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Antigenic properties and diagnostic potential of recombinant Dobrava virus nucleocapsid protein","volume":"61","author":"Lundkvist","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2079","article-title":"Human immune response to Puumala virus glycoproteins and nucleocapsid protein expressed in mammalian cells","volume":"65","author":"Leveelahti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.2.1.82-86.1995","article-title":"Mapping of B-cell determinants in the nucleocapsid protein of Puumala virus: Definition of epitopes specific for acute immunoglobulin G recognition in humans","volume":"2","author":"Lundkvist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0075","article-title":"Characterization of Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein: Identification of B-cell epitopes and domains involved in protective immunity","volume":"216","author":"Lundkvist","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(96)01360-3","article-title":"Characterization of Tula virus antigenic determinants defined by monoclonal antibodies raised against baculovirus-expressed nucleocapsid protein","volume":"45","author":"Lundkvist","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.01.031","article-title":"Human and rodent humoral immune responses to Andes virus structural proteins","volume":"334","author":"Tischler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890270309","article-title":"Immunoblot analysis of the serological response in Hantavirus infections","volume":"27","author":"Zoller","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2004.17.481","article-title":"Hantaviruses: Immunology, treatment and prevention","volume":"17","author":"Maes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1830717","article-title":"Rapid humoral immune responses are required for recovery from haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome patients","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-167-41129","article-title":"The development of Balb\/c cells persistently infected with respiratory syncytial virus: Presence of ribonucleoprotein on the cell surface","volume":"167","author":"Fernie","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(88)90397-2","article-title":"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. X. Demonstration of nucleoprotein on the surface of infected cells","volume":"162","author":"Zeller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/266052a0","article-title":"Early presence of ribonucleoprotein antigen on surface of influenza virus-infected cells","volume":"266","author":"Virelizier","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.126.5.1814","article-title":"Expression of influenza A virus internal antigens on the surface of infected P815 cells","volume":"126","author":"Yewdell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314430","article-title":"Effect of \u03b2-decay of radionuclides incorporated into influenza virus RNA and proteins on the infectivity of the virus and antigenicity of its nucleoprotein","volume":"97","author":"Prokudina","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-7-1699","article-title":"Localization of the influenza virus nucleoprotein: Cell-associated and extracellular non-virion forms","volume":"72","author":"Prokudina","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00339-13","article-title":"In vitro assessment of the immunological significance of a human monoclonal antibody directed to the influenza a virus nucleoprotein","volume":"20","author":"Bodewes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23812","article-title":"Identification of a highly conserved and surface exposed B-cell epitope on the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus","volume":"86","author":"Gui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.04.029","article-title":"What Lies Beneath: Antibody Dependent Natural Killer Cell Activation by Antibodies to Internal Influenza Virus Proteins","volume":"8","author":"Vanderven","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2548","article-title":"Intracellular antibody-bound pathogens stimulate immune signaling via the Fc receptor TRIM21","volume":"14","author":"McEwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00427","article-title":"Immunoglobulin A Targeting on the N-Terminal Moiety of Viral Phosphoprotein Prevents Measles Virus from Evading Interferon-\u03b2 Signaling","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.11.014","article-title":"IgA targeting on the \u03b1-molecular recognition element (\u03b1-MoRE) of viral phosphoprotein inhibits measles virus replication by interrupting formation and function of P-N complex intracellularly","volume":"161","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11090","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00768-11","article-title":"Matrix Protein-Specific IgA Antibody Inhibits Measles Virus Replication by Intracellular Neutralization","volume":"85","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.7.1498","article-title":"Structural polymorphism of the major capsid protein of rotavirus","volume":"20","author":"Lepault","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_228","first-page":"2727","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of different immunogenic viral nanoconstructs from rotavirus VP6 inner capsid protein","volume":"9","author":"Bugli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.4479","article-title":"Antibody inhibition of the transcriptase activity of the rotavirus DLP: A structural view","volume":"307","author":"Thouvenin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aiyegbo, M.S., Sapparapu, G., Spiller, B.W., Eli, I.M., Williams, D.R., Kim, R., Lee, D.E., Liu, T., Li, S., and Woods, V.L. (2013). Human rotavirus VP6-specific antibodies mediate intracellular neutralization by binding to a quaternary structure in the transcriptional pore. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061101"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18406","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115348108","article-title":"Intracellular neutralization of viral infection in polarized epithelial cells by neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated IgG transport","volume":"108","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01540","article-title":"The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn): A Misnomer?","volume":"10","author":"Pyzik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343565","article-title":"Nucleoprotein-specific nonneutralizing antibodies speed up LCMV elimination independently of complement and Fc\u03b3R","volume":"43","author":"Straub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.113.4.1205","article-title":"Antibody-induced redistribution of measles virus antigens on the cell surface","volume":"113","author":"Joseph","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13467","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01896-12","article-title":"Inhibition of Marburg virus budding by nonneutralizing antibodies to the envelope glycoprotein","volume":"86","author":"Kajihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1134","article-title":"Antibodies to paramyxovirus nucleoproteins define regions important for immunogenicity and nucleocapsid assembly","volume":"193","author":"Ryan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq015","article-title":"Potent CD8+ T-cell immunogenicity in humans of a novel heterosubtypic influenza A vaccine, MVA-NP + M1","volume":"52","author":"Berthoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antrobus, R.D., Lillie, P.J., Berthoud, T.K., Spencer, A.J., McLaren, J.E., Ladell, K., Lambe, T., Milicic, A., Price, D.A., and Hill, A.V. (2012). A T cell-inducing influenza vaccine for the elderly: Safety and immunogenicity of MVA-NP + M1 in adults aged over 50 years. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048322"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis327","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of the efficacy of a T-cell-based influenza vaccine, MVA-NP + M1, in humans","volume":"55","author":"Lillie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19090.1","article-title":"A phase IIb study to determine the safety and efficacy of candidate INfluenza Vaccine MVA-NP + M1 in combination with licensed Ina CTivated infl Uenza vaccine in adult S aged 65 years and above (INVICTUS): A study protocol","volume":"8","author":"Swayze","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, C., Ellis, C., Folegatti, P.M., Swayze, H., Allen, J., Bussey, L., Bellamy, D., Lawrie, A., Eagling-Vose, E., and Yu, L.M. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of a Modified Vaccinia Ankara-NP + M1 Vaccine Combined with QIV in People Aged 65 and Older: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial (INVICTUS). Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080851"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dicks, M.D., Spencer, A.J., Edwards, N.J., Wadell, G., Bojang, K., Gilbert, S.C., Hill, A.V.S., and Cottingham, M.G. (2012). A novel chimpanzee adenovirus vector with low human seroprevalence: Improved systems for vector derivation and comparative immunogenicity. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040385"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.284","article-title":"Clinical assessment of a novel recombinant simian adenovirus ChAdOx1 as a vectored vaccine expressing conserved Influenza A antigens","volume":"22","author":"Antrobus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0098-4","article-title":"OVX836 a recombinant nucleoprotein vaccine inducing cellular responses and protective efficacy against multiple influenza A subtypes","volume":"4","author":"Pizzorno","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.095","article-title":"Modified vaccinia Ankara strains with identical coding sequences actually represent complex mixtures of viruses that determine the biological properties of each strain","volume":"27","author":"Suter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.01.055","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of novel modified vaccinia Ankara-vectored RSV vaccine: A randomized phase I clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Samy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa460","article-title":"Broad Antibody and Cellular Immune Response from a Phase 2 Clinical Trial with a Novel Multivalent Poxvirus-Based Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine","volume":"223","author":"Jordan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz653","article-title":"First-in-Human Randomized Study to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of an Investigational Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine Based on Chimpanzee-Adenovirus-155 Viral Vector-Expressing RSV Fusion, Nucleocapsid, and Antitermination Viral Proteins in Healthy Adults","volume":"70","author":"Cicconi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100517","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity evaluation of recombinant BCG vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial","volume":"27","author":"Abarca","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30476-X","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a two-dose heterologous Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccine regimen in adults in Europe (EBOVAC2): A randomised, observer-blind, participant-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"21","author":"Pollard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, Q.D., Kikuchi, K., Maity, B., and Ueno, T. (2012). The Versatile Manipulations of Self-Assembled Proteins in Vaccine Design. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041934"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2868","article-title":"Vaccine delivery: A matter of size, geometry, kinetics and molecular patterns","volume":"10","author":"Bachmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zottig, X., C\u00f4t\u00e9-Cyr, M., Arpin, D., Archambault, D., and Bourgault, S. (2020). Protein Supramolecular Structures: From Self-Assembly to Nanovaccine Design. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10051008"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01141-13","article-title":"A novel subnucleocapsid nanoplatform for mucosal vaccination against influenza virus that targets the ectodomain of matrix protein 2","volume":"88","author":"Raliou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, D., Ruffie, C., Dubois, M., Combredet, C., Amino, R., Formaglio, P., Gorgette, O., Pehau-Arnaudet, G., Guery, C., and Puijalon, O. (2014). Whole Pichia pastoris Yeast Expressing Measles Virus Nucleoprotein as a Production and Delivery System to Multimerize Plasmodium Antigens. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086658"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1908-7","article-title":"Yeast lysates carrying the nucleoprotein from measles virus vaccine as a novel subunit vaccine platform to deliver Plasmodium circumsporozoite antigen","volume":"16","author":"Jacob","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10138","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.20.10138-10146.2002","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus (NDV) marker vaccine: An immunodominant epitope on the nucleoprotein gene of NDV can be deleted or replaced by a foreign epitope","volume":"76","author":"Mebatsion","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/3\/521\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:31:24Z","timestamp":1760135484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/3\/521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"references-count":257,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v14030521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14030521","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]}}}