{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T21:57:52Z","timestamp":1774043872932,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronaviruses constitute a global threat to the human population; therefore, effective pan-coronavirus antiviral drugs are required to tackle future re-emerging virus outbreaks. Protein kinase CK2 has been suggested as a promising therapeutic target in COVID-19 owing to the in vitro antiviral activity observed after both pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of the enzyme. Here, we explored the putative antiviral effect of the anti-CK2 peptide CIGB-325 on bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infection using different in vitro viral infected cell-based assays. The impact of the peptide on viral mRNA and protein levels was determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Finally, pull-down experiments followed by Western blot and\/or mass spectrometry analysis were performed to identify CIGB-325-interacting proteins. We found that CIGB-325 inhibited both the cytopathic effect and the number of plaque-forming units. Accordingly, intracellular viral protein levels were clearly reduced after treatment of BCoV-infected cells, with CIGB-325 determined by immunocytochemistry. Pull-down assay data revealed the physical interaction of CIGB-325 with viral nucleocapsid (N) protein and a group of bona fide CK2 cellular substrates. Our findings evidence in vitro antiviral activity of CIGB-325 against bovine coronavirus as well as some molecular clues that might support such effect. Altogether, data provided here strengthen the rationale of inhibiting CK2 to treat betacoronavirus infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T01:50:53Z","timestamp":1646790653000},"page":"552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Targeting of Protein Kinase CK2 Elicits Antiviral Activity on Bovine Coronavirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ailyn C.","family":"Ram\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4067-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George V.","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelin","family":"Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1920-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dayl\u00e9n","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dania","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Blomquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenomic Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3508-3830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yassel","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Proteomics Group, Department of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arielis","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ulloa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Proteomics Group, Department of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Falc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy Laboratory, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Pilar","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Molt\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Research, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8527-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology, Yongzhou 425000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasser","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"},{"name":"China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology, Yongzhou 425000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio E.","family":"Perea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(06)66005-3","article-title":"The molecular biology of coronaviruses","volume":"66","author":"Masters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. 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