{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:24:25Z","timestamp":1791491065435,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007652","name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-RTA2015-00002-CO2-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-RTA2015-00002-CO2-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research State Agency","award":["PID2020-116768RR-C21\/C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-116768RR-C21\/C22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus lineage 2 (WNV-L2) emerged in Europe in 2004; since then, it has spread across the continent, causing outbreaks in humans and animals. During 2017 and 2020, WNV-L2 was detected and isolated from four northern goshawks in two provinces of Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). In order to characterise the first Spanish WNV-L2 isolates and elucidate the potential overwintering of the virus in this Mediterranean region, complete genome sequencing, phylogenetic analyses, and a study of phenotypic characterisation were performed. Our results showed that these Spanish isolates belonged to the central-southern WNV-L2 clade. In more detail, they were related to the Lombardy cluster that emerged in Italy in 2013 and has been able to spread westwards, causing outbreaks in France (2018) and Spain (2017 and 2020). Phenotypic characterisation performed in vitro showed that these isolates presented characteristics corresponding to strains of moderate to high virulence. All these findings evidence that these WNV-L2 strains have been able to circulate and overwinter in the region, and are pathogenic, at least in northern goshawks, which seem to be very susceptible to WNV infection and may be good indicators of WNV-L2 circulation. Due to the increasing number of human and animal cases in Europe in the last years, this zoonotic flavivirus should be kept under extensive surveillance, following a One-Health approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1646878235000},"page":"569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Spreads Westwards in Europe and Overwinters in North-Eastern Spain (2017\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2587-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Aguilera-Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5813-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Napp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat Mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1566-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Llorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4641-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Solano-Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Fauna de Vallcalent, \u00c0rea de Gesti\u00f3 Ambiental Servei de Fauna i Flora, Forestal Catalana, 25199 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Molina-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Fauna de Torreferrussa, \u00c0rea de Gesti\u00f3 Ambiental Servei de Fauna i Flora, Forestal Catalana, 08130 Santa Perp\u00e8tua de Mogoda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4228-717X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ob\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Fauna de Torreferrussa, \u00c0rea de Gesti\u00f3 Ambiental Servei de Fauna i Flora, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9919-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovita","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pinero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5246-8260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Busquets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat Mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 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