{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T10:14:45Z","timestamp":1777112085300,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A comprehensive characterization of chronic HBV (CHB) patients is required to guide therapeutic decisions. The cumulative impact of classical and novel biomarkers on the clinical categorization of these patients has not been rigorously assessed. We determined plasma HBV-RNA and HBsAg levels, HBV in peripheral lymphocytes (PBMCs) and HBV mutation profiles in CHB patients. Patient demographics (n = 139) and classical HBV biomarkers were determined during a clinical routine. HBV-RNA in plasma and HBV-DNA in PBMCs were determined by RT-PCR. HBsAg levels were determined using Architect. In samples with HBV-DNA viral load &gt;1000 IU\/mL, genotype mutations in precore (PC), basal core promoter (BCP), HBsAg and Pol regions were determined by sequencing. Most patients (n = 126) were HBeAg-negative (HBeAgNeg) with significantly lower levels of HBV-RNA, HBV-DNA and HBsAg compared to HBeAg-positive (HBeAgPos) patients (p &lt; 0.05). HBV genotype D prevailed (61\/68), and &gt;95% had BCP\/PC mutations. Escape mutations were identified in 22.6% (13\/63). HBeAgNeg patients with low levels of HBsAg (log IU \u2264 3) were older and were characterized by undetectable plasma HBV-DNA and undetectable HBV-RNA but not undetectable HBV-DNA in PBMCs compared to those with high HBsAg levels. In &gt;50% of the studied HBeAgNeg patients (66\/126), the quantitation of HBsAg and HBV-RNA may impact clinical decisions. In conclusion, the combined assessment of classical and novel serum biomarkers, especially in HBeAgNeg patients, which is the largest group of CHB patients in many regions, may assist in clinical decisions. Prospective studies are required to determine the real-time additive clinical advantage of these biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T21:44:17Z","timestamp":1647207857000},"page":"584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["HBV-RNA, Quantitative HBsAg, Levels of HBV in Peripheral Lymphocytes and HBV Mutation Profiles in Chronic Hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yael","family":"Gozlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniella","family":"Aaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6524-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yana","family":"Davidov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Liver Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Likhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Liver Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Ben Yakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Liver Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oranit","family":"Cohen-Ezra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Liver Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orit","family":"Picard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oran","family":"Erster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Mendelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziv","family":"Ben-Ari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"},{"name":"The Center for Liver Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Abu Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, The Gastroenterology Institute, Hadera 38100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3207-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orna","family":"Mor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2016.06.001","article-title":"Evolution in Our Understanding of Hepatitis B Virus Virology and Immunology","volume":"20","author":"Bengsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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