{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:08:39Z","timestamp":1791216519601,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015956","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B020222001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B020222001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2019A1515012006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515012006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31902252, 31972659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31902252, 31972659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Chief expert Project of Agricultural Industry Technology system in Guangdong Province","award":["2019KJ128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019KJ128"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a coronavirus currently widespread worldwide in the swine industry. Since PEDV was discovered in China in 1984, it has caused huge economic losses in the swine industry. PEDV can infect pigs of all ages, but piglets have the highest infection with a death rate as high as 100%, and the clinical symptoms are watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. At present, there is not any report on PEDV detection by RT-RAA. In this study, we developed an isothermal amplification technology by using reverse-transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay (RT-RAA) combined with portable instruments to achieve a molecular diagnosis of PEDV in clinical samples from China. By designing a pair of RT-RAA primers and probes based on the PEDV N gene, this method breaks the limitations of existing detection methods. The assay time was within 30 min at 41 \u00b0C and can detect as few as 10 copies of PEDV DNA molecules per reaction. Sixty-two clinical tissue samples were detected by RT-qPCR and RT-RAA. The positive and negative rates for the two methods were 24.19% and 75.81%, respectively. Specificity assay showed that the RT-RAA had specifically detected PEDV and was not reactive for porcine parvovirus (PPV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), swine flu virus (SIV), or porcine Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The results suggested that RT-RAA had a strong specificity and high detection sensitivity when combined with a portable instrument to complete the detection under a constant temperature of 30 min, which are more suitable for preventing and controlling PEDV onsite in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T21:44:17Z","timestamp":1647207857000},"page":"591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Development and Application of a Reverse-Transcription Recombinase-Aided Amplification Assay for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiuhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanjia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liguo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuanqiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Wen\u2019s Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527439, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingmei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3232-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-019-00513-w","article-title":"Isolation and recombinant analysis of variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains from Beijing, China","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.10.054","article-title":"Poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-entrapped vaccine induces a protective immune response against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in piglets","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01451-15","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01451-15","article-title":"Characterization of a Pathogenic Full-Length cDNA Clone and Transmission Model for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain PC22A","volume":"7","author":"Beall","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1651-5","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field isolates in Korea","volume":"158","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12681","article-title":"Appearance of US-like porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) strains before US outbreaks and genetic heterogeneity of PEDVs collected in Northern Vietnam during 2012\u20132015","volume":"65","author":"Diep","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100.12.243","article-title":"An apparently new syndrome of porcine epidemic diarrhoea","volume":"100","author":"Wood","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10910","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01919-12","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain AJ1102 isolated from a suckling piglet with acute diarrhea in China","volume":"86","author":"Bi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-195","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Chen, F., Ye, S., Guo, X., Muhanmmad Memon, A., Wu, M., and He, Q. (2016). Comparative Proteome Analysis of Porcine Jejunum Tissues in Response to a Virulent Strain of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Its Attenuated Strain. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8120323"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103922","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a variant subgroup GII-a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain in China","volume":"140","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3518-7","article-title":"Isolation, molecular characterization and an artificial infection model for a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00619-16","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00619-16","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus from an Outbreak in a Vaccinated Farm in Shandong, China","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.120002","article-title":"New variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, China, 2011","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04167-3","article-title":"Biological characterization and pathogenicity of a newly isolated Chinese highly virulent genotype GIIa porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain","volume":"164","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"149","article-title":"The first case of porcine epidemic diarrhea in Canada","volume":"56","author":"Ojkic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713501675","article-title":"Emergence of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: Clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences","volume":"25","author":"Stevenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.14-0098","article-title":"US-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus outbreaks in Taiwan, 2013\u20132014","volume":"76","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104710","article-title":"Effect of intervention practices to control the porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) outbreak during the first epidemic year (2013-2014) on time to absence of clinical signs and the number of dead piglets per sow in Japan","volume":"169","author":"Furutani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.140294","article-title":"Outbreak-Related Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strains Similar to US Strains, South Korea, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0421-2","article-title":"Erratum to: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: An emerging and re-emerging epizootic swine virus","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02898-14","article-title":"Genomic and epidemiological characteristics provide new insights into the phylogeographical and spatiotemporal spread of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Asia","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2005.131628","article-title":"Role of transportation in spread of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection, United States","volume":"20","author":"Lowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dee, S., Clement, T., Schelkopf, A., Nerem, J., Knudsen, D., Christopher-Hennings, J., and Nelson, E. (2014). An evaluation of contaminated complete feed as a vehicle for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection of na\u00efve pigs following consumption via natural feeding behavior: Proof of concept. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0176-9"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12269","article-title":"Investigation into the role of potentially contaminated feed as a source of the first-detected outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea in Canada","volume":"61","author":"Pasick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800309","article-title":"Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR for rapid differential detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and porcine group A rotavirus","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2017.02.002","article-title":"Comparison and evaluation of conventional RT-PCR, SYBR green I and TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assays for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-318","article-title":"Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method to rapidly detect porcine circovirus genotypes 2a and 2b","volume":"9","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0297-1","article-title":"Development of a real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-015-4656-9","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): Principle, features, and future prospects","volume":"53","author":"Notomi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715621949","article-title":"Evaluation of two real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) to assess PEDV transmission in growing pigs","volume":"28","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-011-0570-3","article-title":"Development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus","volume":"42","author":"Ren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okda, F., Lawson, S., Liu, X., Singrey, A., Clement, T., Hain, K., Nelson, J., Christopher-Hennings, J., and Nelson, E.A. (2016). Development of monoclonal antibodies and serological assays including indirect ELISA and fluorescent microsphere immunoassays for diagnosis of porcine deltacoronavirus. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0716-6"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okda, F., Liu, X., Singrey, A., Clement, T., Nelson, J., Christopher-Hennings, J., Nelson, E.A., and Lawson, S. (2015). Development of an indirect ELISA, blocking ELISA, fluorescent microsphere immunoassay and fluorescent focus neutralization assay for serologic evaluation of exposure to North American strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0500-z"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H., Zhou, H., Gao, L., Li, B., He, K., and Fan, H. (2018). Development and application of an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on a recombinant spike protein. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1570-5"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.07.021","article-title":"Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the monitoring and surveillance of antibodies to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on a recombinant membrane protein","volume":"225","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2018.10.011","article-title":"Development and validation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for detection of antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV)","volume":"121","author":"Sozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11196-z","article-title":"Application of portable real-time recombinase-aided amplification (rt-RAA) assay in the clinical diagnosis of ASFV and prospective DIVA diagnosis","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"357","article-title":"A Reverse-transcription Recombinase-aided Amplification Assay for the Rapid Detection of the Far-Eastern Subtype of Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13849","article-title":"Development of a fluorescent probe-based real-time reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay for the rapid detection of classical swine fever virus","volume":"68","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, F., Zhang, Y., Xu, S., Yang, X., Zhou, L., Ge, X., Han, J., Guo, X., and Yang, H. (2021). Detection of pseudorabies virus with a real-time recombinase-aided amplification assay. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., Advance online publication.","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14241"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez559","article-title":"Reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay combined with a lateral flow dipstick for detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.018","article-title":"Establishment of reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification-lateral-flow dipstick and real-time fluorescence-based reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification methods for detection of the Newcastle disease virus in chickens","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109489","article-title":"Development of a real-time recombinase-aided amplification (RT-RAA) molecular diagnosis assay for sensitive and rapid detection of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, Z., Xue, L., Cai, W., Gao, J., Jiang, Y., Yang, J., Liang, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, J., and Hu, Y. (2021). Development of a recombinase-aided amplification assay for rapid detection of human norovirus GII.4. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05942-x"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9699","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c01032","article-title":"Reverse-Transcription Recombinase-Aided Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"92","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613304","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.613304","article-title":"Reverse Transcription Recombinase-Aided Amplification Assay with Lateral Flow Dipstick Assay for Rapid Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"983","article-title":"Recombinase-aid amplification: A novel technology of in vitro rapid nucleic acid amplification","volume":"40","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Sin. Vitae"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5331-1_101","article-title":"Further analysis of the genome of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus","volume":"440","author":"Bridgen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1058","article-title":"Sequence analysis of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genome between the nucleocapsid and spike protein genes reveals a polymorphic ORF","volume":"198","author":"Duarte","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011831902219","article-title":"Completion of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea coronavirus (PEDV) genome sequence","volume":"23","author":"Kocherhans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.01.015","article-title":"Heterogeneity in spike protein genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses isolated in Korea","volume":"149","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13439","article-title":"A molecular epidemiological investigation of PEDV in China: Characterization of co-infection and genetic diversity of S1-based genes","volume":"67","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.05.013","article-title":"Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: An overview of current virological and serological diagnostic methods","volume":"226","author":"Diel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01696","article-title":"Clinical Validation of Two Recombinase-Based Isothermal Amplification Assays (RPA\/RAA) for the Rapid Detection of African Swine Fever Virus","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1042\/BA20100248","article-title":"Strategies for the plant-based expression of dengue subunit vaccines","volume":"57","author":"Yap","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.04.009","article-title":"Efficacy of an inactivated genotype 2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus vaccine in neonatal piglets","volume":"174","author":"Baek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S497","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw352","article-title":"Whole-Inactivated and Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Strategies for Chikungunya Virus","volume":"214","author":"DeZure","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1635","article-title":"Rationalizing the development of live attenuated virus vaccines","volume":"28","author":"Lauring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2016.1124762","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms for enhanced DNA vaccine immunogenicity","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines\u2014A new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-016-1316-z","article-title":"Construction of a bivalent DNA vaccine co-expressing S genes of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik, R., and Peden, K. (2020). Regulatory Considerations on the Development of mRNA Vaccines. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2020_220"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198045","article-title":"Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): An update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control","volume":"286","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00064","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00064-15","article-title":"Origin, evolution, and virulence of porcine deltacoronaviruses in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.140296","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterization of deltacoronavirus in pigs, Ohio, USA, 2014","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00273","article-title":"The Role of Non-animal Origin Feed Ingredients in Transmission of Viral Pathogens of Swine: A Review of Scientific Literature","volume":"6","author":"Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12823","article-title":"Swine enteric coronavirus disease: A review of 4 years with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus in the United States and Canada","volume":"65","author":"Niederwerder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4562","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky320","article-title":"Feed batch sequencing to decrease the risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) cross-contamination during feed manufacturing","volume":"96","author":"Schumacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowman, A.S., Krogwold, R.A., Price, T., Davis, M., and Moeller, S.J. (2015). Investigating the introduction of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus into an Ohio swine operation. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0348-2"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.11.013","article-title":"Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus introduction into the United States: Root cause investigation","volume":"123","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06056-w","article-title":"An alternative pathway of enteric PEDV dissemination from nasal cavity to intestinal mucosa in swine","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12945","article-title":"Better horizontal transmission of a US non-InDel strain compared with a French InDel strain of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus","volume":"65","author":"Gallien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719883834","article-title":"One-step triplex reverse-transcription PCR detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine sapelovirus, and porcine sapovirus","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1771980","article-title":"Development of a TaqMan-probe-based multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection of emerging and reemerging swine coronaviruses","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virulence"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/3\/591\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:35:42Z","timestamp":1760135742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/3\/591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v14030591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14030591","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]}}}