{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:31:11Z","timestamp":1772253071804,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI123376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI123376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD) is a little understood common clinical problem in captive rhesus macaques claiming 33% of medical culls unrelated to research. The eukaryotic virome in digestive tract tissues collected at necropsy from nine animals with ICD was characterized using viral metagenomics. We compared the distribution of viral reads in tissues and mucosal scrapings from the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and the proximal, transverse, and distal colons. In situ hybridization (ISH) using viral probes were performed on fixed tissues. Deep sequencing revealed multiple viruses in the Parvoviridae and Picornaviridae family. Tissues and mucosal scraping from the same locations showed closely related viral reads contents while different gut tissues from the same animal varied widely. ISH showed punctuated staining for both RNA and DNA viruses in the distal colon. Parvovirus staining was also detected in the stomach\/duodenum\/jejunum in distinct oval-shaped structures. The location of enteric viral nucleic acid differed widely between different viral families and along the length of the digestive tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1647812237000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enteric Viruses Nucleic Acids Distribution along the Digestive Tract of Rhesus Macaques with Idiopathic Chronic Diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6296-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Delwart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA 94118, USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Merriam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4330-4659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Ardeshir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7903-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eda","family":"Altan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA 94118, USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0643-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA 94118, USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xutao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA 94118, USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Hartigan-O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22150","article-title":"Risk factor analysis may provide clues to diarrhea prevention in outdoor-housed rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"75","author":"Prongay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. 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Immun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0664-z","article-title":"Fecal metatranscriptomics of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea reveals altered mucin degradation and fucose utilization","volume":"7","author":"Westreich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22948","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22948","article-title":"Rotavirus is associated with decompensated diarrhea among young rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i1.48","article-title":"Microscopic colitis: Common cause of unexplained nonbloody diarrhea","volume":"5","author":"Ingle","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. 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Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100971"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W6","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl164","article-title":"BLAST: Improvements for better sequence analysis","volume":"34","author":"Ye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv002","article-title":"An ensemble strategy that significantly improves de novo assembly of microbial genomes from metagenomic next-generation sequencing data","volume":"43","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.10.001","article-title":"Virome biogeography in the lower gastrointestinal tract of rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea","volume":"527","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/3\/638\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:39:30Z","timestamp":1760135970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/3\/638"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v14030638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14030638","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.06.24.449827","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]}}}