{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:07:36Z","timestamp":1791266856396,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The high rate of mutation of this virus is associated with a quick emergence of new viral variants that have been rapidly spreading worldwide. Several mutations have been documented in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein that increases the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and its cellular receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Mutations in the spike can increase the viral spread rate, disease severity, and the ability of the virus to evade either the immune protective responses, monoclonal antibody treatments, or the efficacy of current licensed vaccines. This review aimed to highlight the functional virus classification used by the World Health Organization (WHO), Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak (PANGO), Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID), and Nextstrain, an open-source project to harness the scientific and public health potential of pathogen genome data, the chronological emergence of viral variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs), the major findings related to the rate of spread, and the mutations in the spike protein that are involved in the evasion of the host immune responses elicited by prior SARS-CoV-2 infections and by the protection induced by vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T23:20:55Z","timestamp":1647991255000},"page":"653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["SARS-CoV-2: Evolution and Emergence of New Viral Variants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica Roxana","family":"Flores-Vega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 06726, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Coyoac\u00e1n, Universidad del Valle de M\u00e9xico, Calzada de Tlalpan 3000, Alcald\u00eda Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04910, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Viridiana","family":"Monroy-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 06726, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Coyoac\u00e1n, Universidad del Valle de M\u00e9xico, Calzada de Tlalpan 3000, Alcald\u00eda Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04910, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Enrique","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Coyoac\u00e1n, Universidad del Valle de M\u00e9xico, Calzada de Tlalpan 3000, Alcald\u00eda Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04910, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6450-0643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo G.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ignacio","family":"Santos-Preciado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 06726, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Rosales-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 06726, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01531-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"49","author":"Salzberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.01.019","article-title":"The estimations of the COVID-19 incubation period: A scoping reviews of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Zaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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