{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T21:31:18Z","timestamp":1785274278755,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314209\/2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314209\/2021-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to describe the seroprevalence infection, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genotypes, relate the infection\u2019s profile with the epidemiological and corticotherapy data of patients with Autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIRD). A cross-sectional study was carried out with 139 individuals, 92 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 27 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 20 with other autoimmune diseases, who were undergoing clinical follow-up in Brazil. Serological tests for the detection of EBV anti-VCA IgM and IgG antibodies, as well as the amplification of a segment of the EBV EBNA-3c gene by conventional PCR were performed to identify the infection and the viral subtype. The Epstein\u2013Barr nuclear antigen 3 (EBNA3C) gene participates of maintenance of viral latency and infected B-lymphocytes immortalization by unclear signaling cascades. The association of active\/latent EBV infection with EBV infection profile was assessed by Fisher\u2019s exact test and multiple logistic regression. The seroprevalence of EBV anti-VCA IgG was 100%, while that of anti-VCA IgM was 1.43% (2\/139). Active-phase infection was confirmed by the presence of EBV DNA in 40.29% of the population evaluated (56\/139), with 45.65% (42\/92) in SLE, 25.92% (7\/27) in the RA and in 35% (7\/20) in other autoimmune diseases. It was observed that individuals with SLE had a higher prevalence of active\/lytic EBV infection and that oral corticosteroid therapy at a dose lower than 20 mg\/day increased the risk of EBV activity by up to 11 times. Only the presence of EBV-1 was identified. Thus, EBV lytic infection was higher in individuals with SLE when compared to other autoimmune diseases with rheumatologic involvement and the lytic activity of the virus precedes corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:31:25Z","timestamp":1648416685000},"page":"694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Epidemiology of the Epstein\u2013Barr Virus in Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases in Northern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5820-9075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samires Avelino de Souza","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julimar Benedita Gomes de Oliveira","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilda Carla Azevedo","family":"G\u00f3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0312-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Roberto de Souza","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-1309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Valois","family":"Laurentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2600-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor Brasil","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Ministry of Brazil, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4888-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldemir Branco","family":"Oliveira-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study and Research Group on Vulnerable Populations, Institute for Coastal Studies, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4571-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Fernando Almeida","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-00522-w","article-title":"Understanding and interpreting antinuclear antibody tests in systemic rheumatic diseases","volume":"16","author":"Bossuyt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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Treat."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/4\/694\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:44:35Z","timestamp":1760136275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/4\/694"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["v14040694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14040694","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]]}}}