{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:06:57Z","timestamp":1779890817643,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a late complication of measles virus infection that occurs in previously healthy children. This disease has no specific cure and is associated with a high degree of disability and mortality. In recent years, there has been an increase in its incidence in relation to a reduction in vaccination adherence, accentuated by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we take stock of the current evidence on SSPE and report our personal clinical experience. We emphasise that, to date, the only effective protection strategy against this disease is vaccination against the measles virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T21:29:15Z","timestamp":1648762155000},"page":"733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis in Children: The Archetype of Non-Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Papetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8036-0430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elisa","family":"Amodeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8168-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Sabatini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0226-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Baggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Measles Reference Laboratory\u2014WHO\/LabNet, Department of Infectious Diseases\u2014Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS), 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7729-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Capuano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1554-9517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Graziola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Marchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Measles Reference Laboratory\u2014WHO\/LabNet, Department of Infectious Diseases\u2014Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS), 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Measles Reference Laboratory\u2014WHO\/LabNet, Department of Infectious Diseases\u2014Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS), 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5852-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"D\u2019Ugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Measles Reference Laboratory\u2014WHO\/LabNet, Department of Infectious Diseases\u2014Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS), 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maedeh","family":"Kojouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Measles Reference Laboratory\u2014WHO\/LabNet, Department of Infectious Diseases\u2014Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS), 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Gioacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Measles Reference Laboratory\u2014WHO\/LabNet, Department of Infectious Diseases\u2014Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS), 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo Efisio","family":"Marras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta Ginevra","family":"Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Ursitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Sforza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela Ada Noris","family":"Ferilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4763-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Monte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Moavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Vigevano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6602-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Valeriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0394-7043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Magurano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Measles Reference Laboratory\u2014WHO\/LabNet, Department of Infectious Diseases\u2014Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS), 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym207","article-title":"Review of the effect of measles vaccination on the epidemiology of SSPE","volume":"36","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. 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