{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T22:17:11Z","timestamp":1773613031593,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Introduction: There is an increasing literature describing neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection (MIS-N) and infants infected with SARS-CoV-2 who presented with a severe disease (MIS-C). (2) Methods: To investigate clinical features of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonates and infants under six months of age, we used a systematic search to retrieve all relevant publications in the field. We screened in PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus for data published until 10 October 2021. (3) Results: Forty-eight articles were considered, including 29 case reports, six case series and 13 cohort studies. Regarding clinical features, only 18.2% of MIS-N neonates presented with fever; differently from older children with MIS-C, in which gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common manifestation, we displayed that cardiovascular dysfunction and respiratory distress are the prevalent findings both in neonates with MIS-N and in neonates\/infants with MIS-C. (4) Conclusions: We suggest that all infants with suspected inflammatory disease should undergo echocardiography, due to the possibility of myocardial dysfunction and damage to the coronary arteries observed both in neonates with MIS-N and in neonates\/infants with MIS-C. Moreover, we also summarize how they were treated and provide a therapeutic algorithm to suggest best management of these fragile infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T06:04:01Z","timestamp":1648965841000},"page":"750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Neonates Born to Mothers with SARS-CoV-2 Infection (MIS-N) and in Neonates and Infants Younger Than 6 Months with Acquired COVID-19 (MIS-C): A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9076-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico Umberto","family":"De Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus\u2014Newborn\u2014Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Course in Microbiology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases, and Transplants (MIMIT), University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flaminia","family":"Pugnaloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus\u2014Newborn\u2014Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Cal\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus\u2014Newborn\u2014Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ronci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus\u2014Newborn\u2014Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatrics Department, \u201cSapienza\u201d University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Caoci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus\u2014Newborn\u2014Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Maddaloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus\u2014Newborn\u2014Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus\u2014Newborn\u2014Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Santisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus\u2014Newborn\u2014Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1260-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Dotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus\u2014Newborn\u2014Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9820-6557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Auriti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus\u2014Newborn\u2014Infant, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4573","article-title":"Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Children and Adolescents Compared with Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"175","author":"Viner","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auriti, C., De Rose, D.U., Mond\u00ec, V., Stolfi, I., and Tzialla, C. (2021). Neonatal SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Practical Tips. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050611"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F95","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-321334","article-title":"Nasal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors in newborns","volume":"107","author":"Heinonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"A neonatal cluster of novel coronavirus disease 2019: Clinical management and considerations","volume":"46","author":"Olivini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital. J. Ped."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17436-6","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"Vivanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03801-6","article-title":"COVID-19 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: A systematic review of critically unwell children and the association with underlying comorbidities","volume":"180","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ped."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e276","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30651-4","article-title":"COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000974","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children","volume":"33","author":"Soma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ped."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Related to SARS CoV 2","volume":"23","author":"Esposito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Drugs."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6940e1","article-title":"Case Series of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection\u2014United Kingdom and United States, March\u2013August 2020","volume":"69","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawar, R., Gavade, V., Patil, N., Mali, V., Girwalkar, A., Tarkasband, V., Loya, S., Chavan, A., Nanivadekar, N., and Shinde, R. (2021). Neonatal multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-N) associated with prenatal maternal SARS-CoV-2: A case series. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8070572"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2017-110853","article-title":"Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports","volume":"23","author":"Murad","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Evid. Based Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-020-1924-5","article-title":"Novel Coronavirus Mimicking Kawasaki Disease in an Infant","volume":"57","author":"Acharyya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e246579","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-246579","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in a neonate masquerading as surgical abdomen","volume":"14","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2021.1968596","article-title":"Aortic thrombosis in a neonate with COVID-19-related fetal inflammatory response syndrome requiring amputation of the leg: A case report","volume":"41","author":"Amonkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr. Int. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa113","article-title":"A 55-day-old female infant infected with 2019 novel coronavirus disease: Presenting with pneumonia, liver injury, and heart damage","volume":"221","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24895","article-title":"COVID-19 cardiac involvement in a 38-day old infant","volume":"55","author":"Canarutto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diggikar, S., Nanjegowda, R., Kumar, A., Kumar, V., Kulkarni, S., and Venkatagiri, P. (2021). Neonatal Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 2\u20134.","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15696"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1726318","article-title":"Presumptive Neonatal Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"38","author":"Divekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diwakar, K., Gupta, B.K., Uddin, M.W., Sharma, A., and Jhajra, S. (2021). Multisystem inflammatory syndrome with persistent neutropenia in neonate exposed to SARS-CoV-2 virus: A case report and review of literature. J. Neonatal. Perinatal. Med., 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-210839"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009653","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in an infant with COVID-19","volume":"94","author":"Dugue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201701","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1701","article-title":"Infant with SARS-CoV-2 infection causing severe lung disease treated with remdesivir","volume":"146","author":"Frauenfelder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00507","article-title":"Case Report: Benign Infantile Seizures Temporally Associated With COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Gut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002750","article-title":"Acute inflammation and elevated cardiac markers in a two-month-old infant with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection presenting with cardiac symptoms","volume":"39","author":"Giacomet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00055-9","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in a neonate, temporally associated with prenatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2: A case report","volume":"5","author":"Kappanayil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003054","article-title":"COVID-19-Related Potential Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Childhood in a Neonate Presenting as Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn","volume":"40","author":"Paul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2020-0123","article-title":"COVID-19 and Kawasaki Disease: Novel Virus and Novel Case","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hosp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-021-03728-2","article-title":"Fresh Per Rectal Bleeding in Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS)","volume":"88","author":"Lad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa133","article-title":"Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection Associated to Systemic Inflammatory Response and Pericardial Effusion in the Newborn: A Case Report","volume":"10","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e212","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002735","article-title":"Neonatal Early-Onset infection with SARS-CoV-2 in a newborn presenting with encephalitic symptoms","volume":"39","author":"Lorenz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pcc.0000741260.86597.07","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in familial refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A case report","volume":"22","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020009479","article-title":"Severe transient pancytopenia with dyserythropoiesis and dysmegakaryopoiesis in COVID-19\u2013associated MIS-C","volume":"136","author":"Mariani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020010132","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-010132","article-title":"Fetal inflammatory response syndrome associated with maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"147","author":"McCarty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa137","article-title":"Multisystem Inflammatory syndrome in children associated with SARS-CoV-2 in an 8-week old infant","volume":"9","author":"Yogev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmaa047","article-title":"Incomplete Kawasaki Disease as Presentation of COVID-19 Infection in an Infant: A Case Report","volume":"67","author":"Raut","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951120001857","article-title":"New onset severe right ventricular failure associated with COVID-19 in a young infant without previous heart disease","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020042093","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-042093","article-title":"Neonatal MIS-C: Managing the Cytokine Storm","volume":"148","author":"Saha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa153","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 placental infection and inflammation leading to fetal distress and neonatal multi-organ failure in an asymptomatic woman","volume":"10","author":"Schoenmakers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652857","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.652857","article-title":"Case Report: Neonatal Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Two Cases from Saudi Arabia","volume":"6","author":"Shaiba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-238740","article-title":"Giant coronary artery aneurysm as a feature of coronavirus-related inflammatory syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Richardson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01078-4","article-title":"Atypical Inflammatory Syndrome Triggered by SARS-CoV-2 in Infants with Down Syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Malle","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2021.1331","article-title":"Children with Kawasaki disease or Kawasaki-like syndrome (MIS-C\/PIMS) at the time of COVID-19: Are they all the same? Case series and literature review","volume":"73","author":"Marino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakha, S., Sobh, A., Hager, A.H., Hafez, M., Alsawah, G.A., Abuelkheir, M.M., Zeid, M.S., Nahas, M., and Elmarsafawy, H. (2021). Cardiac Implications of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated with COVID-19 in Children under the age of Five Years. Cardiol. Young., 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951121003140"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.674899","article-title":"COVID-19 Disease in Infants Less Than 90 Days: Case Series","volume":"9","author":"Shaiba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2021.06.043","article-title":"Giant Coronary Aneurysms in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"3","author":"Hashemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03935-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: Clinical manifestations and the role of infliximab treatment","volume":"180","author":"Asmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.12.034","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, clinical characteristics, diagnostic findings and therapeutic interventions at a tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Alharbi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e1","article-title":"COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Latin American Children: A Multinational Study","volume":"40","author":"Escamilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-05065-0","article-title":"Imaging findings of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19","volume":"51","author":"Navallas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-021-2330-3","article-title":"Clinical Spectrum of Children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"58","author":"Chandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021756","article-title":"New York State and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Investigation Team. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children in New York State","volume":"383","author":"Dufort","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144554","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI144554","article-title":"Similarities and differences between the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19-related pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome and Kawasaki disease","volume":"131","author":"Anton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"e11035","article-title":"Kawasaki Disease-Like Features in 10 Pediatric COVID-19 Cases: A Retrospective Study","volume":"12","author":"Falah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003149","article-title":"Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Infants <12 months of Age, United States, May 2020\u2013January 2021","volume":"40","author":"Tsang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692256","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.692256","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatric Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C): Is There a Difference?","volume":"9","author":"Grewal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.06.075","article-title":"Predictive value of cardiac markers in the prognosis of COVID-19 in children","volume":"48","author":"Yurttutan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1174","article-title":"COVID-19 associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A multicentric retrospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Mehra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.204591","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, Chile, May-August 2020","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25245","article-title":"COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Yasuhara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0744-8","article-title":"Overview of the rarest causes of fever in newborns: Handy hints for the neonatologist","volume":"41","author":"Coppola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2012.03570.x","article-title":"Neonates presenting with temperature symptoms: Role in the diagnosis of early onset sepsis","volume":"54","author":"Hofer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakshminrusimha, S., Hudak, M.L., Dimitriades, V.R., and Higgins, R.D. (2021). Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Neonates following Maternal SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Infection. Am. J. Perinatol., 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1682-3075"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/1742271X16689374","article-title":"Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: Chest X-ray or lung ultrasound? A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Hiles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musolino, A.M., Boccuzzi, E., Buonsenso, D., Supino, M.C., Mesturino, M.A., Pitaro, E., Ferro, V., Nacca, R., Sinibaldi, S., and Palma, P. (2022). The Role of Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing COVID-19-Related Multisystemic Inflammatory Disease: A Preliminary Experience. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11010234"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000887","article-title":"Neonatal functional echocardiography","volume":"32","author":"Tissot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.12.005","article-title":"Hemodynamic instability in the critically ill neonate: An approach to cardiovascular support based on disease pathophysiology","volume":"40","author":"Giesinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"100764","article-title":"Cardiac abnormalities due to multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 among children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Sakhaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2022.104312","article-title":"Microvascular dysfunction in pediatric patients with SARS-COV-2 pneumonia: Report of three severe cases","volume":"141","author":"Bottari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4358","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26951","article-title":"The inflammatory markers of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and adolescents associated with COVID-19: A meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102968","article-title":"BATS Consortium. Treatment of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children","volume":"385","author":"McArdle","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-00980-2","article-title":"Rheumatology Study Group of the Italian Society of Pediatrics. Childhood multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C): A diagnostic and treatment guidance from the Rheumatology Study Group of the Italian Society of Pediatrics","volume":"47","author":"Cattalini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.034","article-title":"Mapping systemic inflammation and antibody responses in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)","volume":"183","author":"Gruber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra993360","article-title":"Immunomodulation of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with Intravenous Immune Globulin","volume":"345","author":"Kazatchkine","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.016","article-title":"The immunology of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Consiglio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0694","article-title":"French COVID-19 Paediatric Inflammation Consortium. Association of Intravenous Immunoglobulins Plus Methylprednisolone vs Immunoglobulins Alone with course of fever in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children","volume":"325","author":"Ouldali","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15847","article-title":"High rates of antibiotic prescriptions in children with COVID-19 or multisystem inflammatory syndrome: A multinational experience in 990 cases from Latin America","volume":"110","author":"Lenzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"659","article-title":"Challenges of antibiotic stewardship in the pediatric and neonatal intensive care units","volume":"26","author":"Branstetter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rose, D.U., Perri, A., Auriti, C., Gallini, F., Maggio, L., Fiori, B., D\u2019Inzeo, T., Spans, T., and Vento, G. (2021). Time to positivity of blood cultures could inform decisions on antibiotics administration in neonatal early-onset sepsis. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020123"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002632","article-title":"Time to Positivity of Neonatal Blood Cultures for Early-onset Sepsis","volume":"39","author":"Kuzniewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27563","article-title":"Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant: Development, dissemination, and dominance","volume":"94","author":"Rahmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/4\/750\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:49:01Z","timestamp":1760136541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/4\/750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["v14040750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14040750","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]}}}