{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:02:59Z","timestamp":1790514179774,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM126908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM126908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI130453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI130453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI007533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI007533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US Veterans Administration","award":["BX004434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX004434"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>How human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection impacts the transcription of the host genome remains incompletely understood. Here, we examine the global consequences of infection of primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) on transcription by RNA polymerase I, II, and III over the course of a lytic infection using PRO-Seq. The expected rapid induction of innate immune response genes is observed with specific subsets of genes exhibiting dissimilar expression kinetics. We find minimal effects on Pol II initiation, but increased rates of the release of paused Pol II into productive elongation are detected by 24 h postinfection and pronounced at late times postinfection. Pol I transcription increases during infection and we provide evidence for a potential Pol I elongation control mechanism. Pol III transcription of tRNA genes is dramatically altered, with many induced and some repressed. All effects are partially dependent on viral genome replication, suggesting a link to viral mRNA levels and\/or a viral early\u2013late or late gene product. Changes in tRNA transcription are connected to distinct alterations in the chromatin state around tRNA genes, which were probed with high-resolution DFF-ChIP. Additionally, evidence is provided that the Pol III PIC stably contacts an upstream \u22121 nucleosome. Finally, we compared and contrasted our HCMV data with results from published experiments with HSV-1, EBV, KSHV, and MHV68. We report disparate effects on Pol II transcription and potentially similar effects on Pol III transcription.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,10]],"date-time":"2022-04-10T06:02:54Z","timestamp":1649570574000},"page":"779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Elicits Global Changes in Host Transcription by RNA Polymerases I, II, and III"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Ball","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2146-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mrutyunjaya","family":"Parida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0396-4078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo A.","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery L.","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1042\/bss0730203","article-title":"The RNA polymerase I transcription machinery","volume":"73","author":"Russell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. 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