{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:42:20Z","timestamp":1790962940528,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,10]],"date-time":"2022-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTK170508229995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTK170508229995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To understand the problem of persistent Hepatitis B virus (HBV) viraemia in HIV\/HBV co-infected patients on HBV-active antiretroviral therapy (ART), we assessed the rate of HBV virological response in patients on HBV-active ART in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and analysed factors associated with persistent HBV viraemia. One hundred and fifty eligible participants with a chronic HBV diagnosis, with or without HIV coinfection, were enrolled and followed up after 6 months. The HBV pol gene was sequenced by next-generation sequencing and mutations were determined using the Stanford HBVseq database. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with HBV viraemia at 6-month follow-up. The mean duration of HBV-active ART was 24 months. Thirty-seven of one hundred and six (35%) participants receiving HBV-active ART for longer than 6 months had virological failure. Advanced immunosuppression with CD4+ cell counts &lt;200 cells\/\u03bcL was independently associated with persistent HBV viraemia, aOR 5.276 (95% CI 1.575\u201317.670) p = 0.007. A high proportion of patients on HBV-active ART are unsuppressed, which will ultimately have an impact on global elimination goals. Better monitoring should be implemented, especially in HIV-coinfected patients with low CD4+ cell counts and followed by early HBV drug-resistance testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,10]],"date-time":"2022-04-10T23:06:01Z","timestamp":1649631961000},"page":"788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Persistent Hepatitis B Viraemia with Polymerase Mutations among HIV\/HBV Co-Infected Patients on HBV-Active ART in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0610-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nokukhanya","family":"Msomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Virology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban 4091, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raveen","family":"Parboosing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Virology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduan","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2944-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Giandhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5189-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerusha","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Virology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban 4091, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Chimukangara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Virology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koleka P.","family":"Mlisana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service (Academic Affairs, Research and Quality Assurance), Johannesburg 2131, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2017). 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