{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:34:15Z","timestamp":1792222455833,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI141712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107753\/A\/15\/Z & 207569\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107753\/A\/15\/Z & 207569\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human rabies can be prevented through mass dog vaccination campaigns; however, in rabies endemic countries, pulsed central point campaigns do not always achieve the recommended coverage of 70%. This study describes the development of a novel approach to sustain high coverage based on decentralized and continuous vaccination delivery. A rabies vaccination campaign was conducted across 12 wards in the Mara region, Tanzania to test this approach. Household surveys were used to obtain data on vaccination coverage as well as factors influencing dog vaccination. A total 17,571 dogs were vaccinated, 2654 using routine central point delivery and 14,917 dogs using one of three strategies of decentralized continuous vaccination. One month after the first vaccination campaign, coverage in areas receiving decentralized vaccinations was higher (64.1, 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) 62.1\u201366%) than in areas receiving pulsed vaccinations (35.9%, 95% CIs 32.6\u201339.5%). Follow-up surveys 10 months later showed that vaccination coverage in areas receiving decentralized vaccinations remained on average over 60% (60.7%, 95% CIs 58.5\u201362.8%) and much higher than in villages receiving pulsed vaccinations where coverage was on average 32.1% (95% CIs 28.8\u201335.6%). We conclude that decentralized continuous dog vaccination strategies have the potential to improve vaccination coverage and maintain herd immunity against rabies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T02:04:22Z","timestamp":1650420262000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Development of Dog Vaccination Strategies to Maintain Herd Immunity against Rabies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1722-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Lugelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78373, Tanzania"},{"name":"Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3105, Tanzania"},{"name":"Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5392-6884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2010-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine A.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Czupryna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machunde","family":"Bigambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8930-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Tetteh","family":"Duamor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudovick","family":"Kazwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3105, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6663-7520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul C. D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0802-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Lankester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania"},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"360","article-title":"Re-Evaluating the Burden of Rabies in Africa and Asia","volume":"83","author":"Knobel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.06.005","article-title":"Incidence and Economic Impact of Rabies in the Cattle Population of Ethiopia","volume":"130","author":"Jibat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62707-5","article-title":"Current Status of Rabies and Prospects for Elimination","volume":"384","author":"Fooks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. 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