{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:35:17Z","timestamp":1790480117791,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Sonata Bis 2017\/26\/E\/ST4\/00041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sonata Bis 2017\/26\/E\/ST4\/00041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacteriophages are viruses that attack and usually kill bacteria. Their appearance in the industrial facilities using bacteria to produce active compounds (e.g., drugs, food, cosmetics, etc.) causes considerable financial losses. Instances of bacteriophage resistance towards disinfectants and decontamination procedures (such as thermal inactivation and photocatalysis) have been reported. There is a pressing need to explore new ways of phage inactivation that are environmentally neutral, inexpensive, and more efficient. Here, we study the effect of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) on four different bacteriophages (T4, T7, MS2, M13). The reduction of plaque-forming units (PFU) per mL varies from greater than 7log to around 0.5log depending on bacteriophages (M13 and T7, respectively). A comparison of the importance of oxidation of nZVI versus the release of Fe2+\/Fe3+ ions is shown. The mechanism of action is proposed in connection to redox reactions, adsorption of virions on nZVI, and the effect of released iron ions. The nZVI constitutes a critical addition to available antiphagents (i.e., anti-bacteriophage agents).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T02:22:02Z","timestamp":1650766922000},"page":"867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Effect of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (nZVI) on Bacteriophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7409-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sada","family":"Raza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1440-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Folga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"\u0141o\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology, University of Gda\u0144sk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Phage Consultants, Partyzant\u00f3w 10\/18, 80-254 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3425-4768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenon","family":"Foltynowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-Food Products Quality and Packaging Development, Institute of Quality Science, Pozna\u0144 University of Economics and Business, Al. Niepodleg\u0142o\u015bci 10, 61-875 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3758-3951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Paczesny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e2020024","article-title":"Bacteriophages presence in nature and their role in the natural selection of bacterial populations","volume":"91","author":"Naureen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P81","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-5-S1-P81","article-title":"A simple emergency procedure to be used if biotechnological protein production is endangered by bacteriophage infection of Escherichia coli cultures: Effective inhibition of bacteriophage lytic development in infected cultures by removing a carbon source","volume":"5","author":"Wegrzyn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb. 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