{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:40:00Z","timestamp":1764175200962,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010038","name":"Earmarked Fund For China Agriculture Research System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CARS-40","2021YFD1800202-1","31772755","R1808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-40","2021YFD1800202-1","31772755","R1808"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["CARS-40","2021YFD1800202-1","31772755","R1808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-40","2021YFD1800202-1","31772755","R1808"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CARS-40","2021YFD1800202-1","31772755","R1808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-40","2021YFD1800202-1","31772755","R1808"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Project Program of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis","award":["CARS-40","2021YFD1800202-1","31772755","R1808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-40","2021YFD1800202-1","31772755","R1808"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["CARS-40","2021YFD1800202-1","31772755","R1808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-40","2021YFD1800202-1","31772755","R1808"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Commercial inactivated vaccines against H9N2 avian influenza (AI) have been developed in China since 1990s and show excellent immunogenicity with strong HI antibodies. However, currently approved vaccines cannot meet the clinical demand for a live-vectored vaccine. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccines have shown effective protection in chickens against H9N2 virus. However, preexisting NDV antibodies may affect protective efficacy of the vaccine in the field. Here, we explored avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 (APMV-2) as a vector for developing an H9N2 vaccine via intranasal delivery. APMV-2 belongs to the same genus as NDV, distantly related to NDV in the phylogenetic tree, based on the sequences of Fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene, and has low cross-reactivity with anti-NDV antisera. We incorporated hemagglutinin (HA) of H9N2 into the junction of P and M gene in the APMV-2 genome by being flanked with the gene start, gene end, and UTR of each gene of APMV-2-T4 to generate seven recombinant APMV-2 viruses rAPMV-2\/HAs, rAPMV-2-NPUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-PUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-FUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-HNUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-LUTR-HA, and rAPMV-2-MUTR-HA, expressing HA. The rAPMV-2\/HAs displayed similar pathogenicity compared with the parental APMV-2-T4 virus and expressed HA protein in infected CEF cells. The NP-UTR facilitated the expression and secretion of HA protein in cells infected with rAPMV-2-NPUTR-HA. Animal studies demonstrated that immunization with rAPMV-2-NPUTR-HA elicited effective H9N2-specific antibody (6.14 \u00b1 1.2 log2) responses and conferred complete immune protection to prevent viral shedding in the oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from chickens challenged with H9N2 virus. This study suggests that our recombinant APMV-2 virus is safe and immunogenic and can be a useful tool in the combat of H9N2 outbreaks in chicken.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T23:52:30Z","timestamp":1651189950000},"page":"918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Intranasal Immunization with a Recombinant Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 2 Vector-Based Vaccine Induces Protection against H9N2 Avian Influenza in Chicken"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengjiao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunlin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zenglei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruyi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaituo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9924-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiufan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peacock, T.H.P., James, J., Sealy, J.E., and Iqbal, M. 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